A  CMART  HISTORY 


OFTMfe 


CIVIL  WAR 


&IBSON. 


* 


A  CHART  HISTORY 


OF 


THE  CIVIL  WAR 

1861-1865, 

WITH  NUMEROUS  SHADED  MAPS      \ 

i 

r 

SHOWING  THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE 

UNION  ARMIES 

kN  DIFFERENT  CAMPAIGNS  AND  DURING  DIFFERENT 

YEARS. 


FOR  THE  USE  OF  SCHOOLS. 


BY  J.  W.  GIBSON 


CHICAGO. 

A,  FLANAGAN,  PUBLISHER. 


COPYRIGHT,  1893 

BY 

J.  W.  GIBSON. 


vj 


CTWJiA 


MAPS   ^LlvD  MAP  EXEEOISES. 


PAGE 

I.  Territorial  Growth  of  the  United  States,  -      16-17 

II.  Field  of  Operations  in  the  West,      -  30-31 

III.  Confederate  Line  of  Defense  in  the  West,  Jan.  1,  1862,  34-35 

IV.  Confederate  Line  of  Defense  in  the  West,  April  1,  1862,  40-41 
V.  Confederate  Line  of  Defense  in  the  West,  close  of  1862.  -      44-45 

VI.  The  Seat  of  War  in  the  East,  -  50-51 

VII.  The  Peninsular  Campaign,  -      54-55 

VIII.  Showing  Lee's  First  Invasion  of  the  North,     -  56 

IX.  Virginia — Confederate  Line  of  Defense — '62  and  '63,   -  59 

X.  Grant's  Vicksburg  Campaign,  64-65 

XI.  Chattanooga  and  Vicinity,  T'0-71 

XII.  Territory  Occupied  by  Confederates  at  Close  of  1863,  West,  -           74-75 

XIII.  Virginia  and  Vicinity — Lee's  Second  Invasion,  -  78-79 

XIV.  Atlanta  Campaign — Georgia,  87 
XV.  Of  the  West— Sherman's  March  Through  Georgia,  92-93 

XVI.  Virginia — Grant's  Overland  Campaign,   -  100-101 

XVII.  Virginia  at  Close  of  1864,   -  104-105 

XVIII.  Sherman's  Movements  from  May  1,  1864,  to  May  1,  1865,  -        110-111 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Direct  Causes — Slavery — Fort  Sumter — Indirect  Causes — Reasons  for  Dif- 
ferences Between  the  People  of  the  North  and  the  South — Beginnings 
of  Slavery  in  America — About  the  Constitution — Conditions  Favor- 
able to  Slave  Labor — Missouri  Compromise — Mexican  War — Republican 
Party — Dred  Scott  Decision — Kansas  Troubles — Sumner  Outrage,  -  9-20 

CHAPTER  II. 

How  the  Army  was  Organized — Needs  of  an  Army — Difficulties  in  Supplying 
an  Army — Home  Life  of  a  Soldier — Preparations  for  War — Why  the 
South  was  Better  Prepared — Strength  of  the  North — Hopes  of  the 
South,  -  21-25 

CHAPTER  III. 

Military  Events  of  1861 — Baltimore — Western  Virginia — Bull  Run — Missouri 

— Along  the  Coast — Kentucky — Trent  Affair — Summary  of  1861,     -    26-31 

CHAPTER  IV. 

1862  in  the  West — The  Objectives — Commanders  and  Positions — Mills  Spring 
— Fort  Henry — Fort  Donelson — Island  No.  10 — Pittsburg  Landing — 
Siege  of  Corinth — Farragut's  Operations  at  Mouth  of  Mississippi — 
Perryville — luka  and  Corinth — Stone  River — Review  of  1862  in  the 
West,  -  33-47 

CHAPTER  V. 

In  the  East,  1862 — Study  of  Virginia — Shenandoah  Valley — Routes  to  Rich- 
mond— Merrimac  and  Monitor — Peninsular  Campaign — Lee's  First 
Invasion  of  the  North — Fredericksburg — Synopsis,  1862,  in  the  East,  -  48-61 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Congress — Conscription  Act — Emancipation  Proclamation — War  in  the  West, 
1863 — Vicksburg — Chattanooga  and  Chickamauga — Battle  of  Chatta- 
nooga— Synopsis  in  the  West,  1863 — Armies  and  Commanders  in  the 
West,  -  62-75 

CHAPTER  VII. 

Events  in  the  East,  1863 — Chancellorsville — Lee's  Second  Invasion  of  the 

North — Gettysburg — Synopsis  of  1863 — General  Results,  77-81 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

Changes  in  the  Aruiy — Conditions  at  Beginning  of  1864 — Atlanta  Cam- 
paign— Farragut  at  Mobile  Bay — Hood's  Movement  Northward — 
Sherman's  March  to  the  Sea — Franklin  and  Nashville — Synopsis  in 
the  West,  1864,  82-95 

CHAPTER  IX. 

War  in  the  East,  1864 — Wilderness — Spottsylvania — Bloody  Angle — Soldiers 
Suffering — Cold  Harbor — Grant  South  of  the  James — Sheridan  in 
Shenandoah  Valley — Synopsis  in  the  East,  1864 — General  Results, 
1864,  -  96-105 

CHAPTER  X. 

Closing  Events,  1865 — Pontoons — Sherman  Moves  North  from  Savannah — 
Wilson's  Raid — Army  of  the  Potomac — Commanders  and  Battles — 
Confederate  Armies  and  Commanders — Confederate  Armies  Surren- 
dered— The  Close — Sheridan  in  the  Valley — Battle  Scene — Five  Forks 
— Lee  Surrenders — Conclusion, 107-117 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  general  movement  throughout  the  nation  to  have  the  Amer- 
ican flag  float  over  every  school-house  is  an  indication  of  a  feeling 
in  the  minds  of  thoughtful  people  that  there  is  a  need  of  some 
method  by  which  the  minds  of  the  youth  may  be  drawn  to  realize 
the  value  of  an  American  citizenship.  In  other  words,  there  is  a 
need  calling  for  the  teaching  of  patriotism. 

The  flag  is  but  a  symbol.  The  manhood  of  America  should  have 
an  intelligent  idea  of  what  it  symbolizes.  Man  may  know  and 
appreciate  the  liberties  he  enjoys,  but  he  should  also  know  the  cost 
of  those  blessings. 

An  intelligent  study  of  the  history  of  the  nation  is  the  only  sure 
way  of  inculcating  a  love  of  country,  and  an  appreciation  of  its  value. 
The  author  of  this  little  book,  from  many  years'  teaching,  knows 
from  painful  experience  the  woful  lack  of  information,  among  even 
graduates  of  our  high  schools,  concerning  the  great  events  of  1861- 
1865. 

The  events  of  that  period  were  so  stupendous  that  our  school 
histories  can  afford  the  space  but  to  touch  the  most  important  occur- 
rences. Events  that  cost  the  death  and  suffering  of  thousands  of 
men  are  told  in  a  single  sentence. 

There  is  not  sufficient  ground-work  given  to  lead  to  fuller  read- 
ing and  investigation  of  the  subject.  It  is  hoped  by  this  book  to 
give  sufficient  outline  to  lead  to  greater  interest,  and  therefore  to 
further  reading. 

What  was  done,  why  (and  results),  where,  when,  and  who  did  it, 
are  the  five  prismatic  colors  that  make  the  white  light  of  history. 

In  this  book  emphasis  is  placed  on  the  first  three.  A  knowledge 
of  the  why  and  the  where  in  the  mind  of  the  student  is  essential  to 
clear  historic  vision. 


CHAPTER   I. 


CAUSES  OF  THE  GREAT  CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA. 

Direct  Causes. — Slavery  was  the  direct  cause  of  the  civil  war  in  the 
United  States.  By  the  middle  of  the  19th  century,  public  opinion 
in  all  the  more  civilized  communities,  outside  of  our  own,  had  be- 
come strongly  opposed  to  the  idea  of  human  slavery. 

Serfdom  existed  in  Russia  until  1863.  Slavery  in  Brazil  is  in 
process  of  extinction,  while  the  Spanish  colonies  still  continue  to 
hold  men  in  bondage.  In  1860  our  own  "  Land  of  the  Free"  held 
more  slaves  than  could  be  found  in  all  other  civilized  countries  com- 
bined. When  in  1860  the  Republican  party  came  into  power  by  the 
election  of  Abraham  Lincoln  as  President,  the  more  Southern  states 
became  alarmed  for  the  safety  of  the  institution  of  slavery.  Mr.  Lin- 
coln and  the  Republican  party  did  not  claim  to  have  any  power  or 
right  to  interfere  with  slavery  in  the  states  where  it  already  existed, 
but  proposed  to  keep  it  out  of  the  territories. 

The  South  reasoned  correctly  when  it  said  that  the  final  result  of 
keeping  slavery  out  of  the  territories,  would  be  the  overthrow  of  the 
institution.  Immediately  the  Gulf  and  South  Atlantic  States  began 
to  plan  for  secession,  and  South  Carolina,  taking  the  lead,  seceded 
December  20,  1860.  The  example  of  South  Carolina  was  soon  fol- 
lowed by  Mississippi,  Florida,  Alabama,  Georgia,  Louisiana  and 
Texas.  In  February,  1861,  delegates  from  the  seceding  states  met  at 
Montgomery,  Alabama,  and  formed  a  new  government  under  the 
name  of  The  Confederate  States  of  America.  Jefferson  Davis,  of 
Mississippi,  was  chosen  President,  and  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  of 
Georgia,  Vice-President. 

These  states  at  once  took  measures  to  get  possession  of  the  forts, 
arsenals  and  other  property  of  the  United  States  within  their  borders. 

9 


10  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 

General  Twiggs,  who  commanded  in  Texas,  surrendered  all  the  U.  S. 
forces  under  him  to  the  Confederate  States. 

Fort  Sumter. — Not  all  the  important  posts  along  the  coast  were 
surrendered,  among  them  Fort  Sumter,  controlling  the  harbor  of 
Charleston,  South  Carolina.  Major  Robert  Anderson,  of  Kentucky, 
commanded  at  this  place,  and  great  interest  centered  in  the  opera- 
tions around  Charleston. 

South  Carolina  demanded  the  surrender  of  Fort  Sumter.  Presi- 
dent Buchanan  refused.  It  must  be  remembered  that  these  events 
took  place  before  Mr.  Lincoln  was  inaugurated,  which  inauguration 
transpired  March  4,  1861. 

The  firing  on  Fort  Sumter  and  the  American  flag  by  the  Confed- 
erates under  General  Beauregard,  on  the  morning  of  April  12,  1861, 
resounded  like  an  electric  shock  throughout  the  North  and  South, 
to  the  extremes  of  East  and  West.  The  boom  of  the  cannon  at  Fort 
Sumter  startled  the  North  from  its  dazed  condition,  and  it  realized 
for  the  first  time  that  war  was  in  the  land.  All  sections  were 
aroused  to  immediate  action.  In  quick  succession  all  the  other 
slave-holding  states,  except  Delaware,  Maryland,  Kentucky  and 
Missouri,  joined  the  Confederacy.  These  states,  with  West  Virginia, 
remained  loyal  to  the  Union,  though  many  individuals  within  their 
borders  joined  the  Confederate  army.  Many  good  men  up  to  this 
time  had  fears  that  patriotism  in  America  was  a  thing  of  the  past, 
but  when  occasion  called  for  patriots,  they  came  in  ready  response. 
Eighty  thousand  from  the  free  states  alone  answered  Mr.  Lincoln's 
call  for  75,000.  Thus  commenced  the  civil  Avar,  a  war  of  desperate 
fighting  and  terrible  suffering.  A  most  intense  feeling  of  hatred 
existed  between  the  two  sections.  In  ordinary  war  between  two 
nations,  contention  ceases  and  peace  follows,  when  one  nation  finds 
that  it  is  unable  to  successfully  resist  the  other ;  but  in  the  civil  war 
it  was  a  life  and  death  struggle.  Were  the  South  successful  in  leav- 
ing the  Union,  other  sections  would  claim  the  same  right  to  secede. 
As  a  result,  a  few  decades  would  find  what  is  now  a  proud  nation, 
separated  into  numerous,  independent  states.  Europe  and  South 
America  would  thus  be  repeated.  Commercial  strife  and  standing 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  11 

armies  jealously  watching  each  other  would  be  the  result.  The  ques- 
tion with  the  North  was,  shall  we  fight  it  out  now  and  settle  the 
strife  for  all  time,  or  shall  we  leave  it  for  future  generations  to  deter- 
mine? If  the  nation  survived,  the  Confederacy  must  die;  if  the 
Confederacy  lived,  the  nation  would  die.  The  Confederacy  died,  and 
with  it  slavery  for  which  it  fought. 


REMOTE  CAUSES  OF  THE  REBELLION. 

Some  Reasons  for  the  Differences  Between  the  People  of  the  North  and 
the  South. — In  order  to  understand  clearly  the  true  causes  which  led 
to  this  unhappy  strife  between  these  two  sections,  speaking  the  same 
language,  and  living  under  the  same  laws,  it  is  necessary  to  go  back 
in  history  to  study  the  conditions  which  have  tended  to  separate  them. 
Though  the  Southern  people  in  their  support  of  slavery  placed  them- 
selves behind  other  parts  of  the  civilized  world,  it  must  not  be  as- 
sumed that  they  were  wanting  in  those  attributes  of  character  which 
go  to  make  up  a  broad  and  generous  manhood  and  civilization. 
They  were  entangled  in  a  social  system  that  had  grown  up  among 
them,  and  had  its  roots  reaching  far  back  into  their  history.  The 
people  who  settled  these  two  sections,  the  North  and  the  South, 
though  both  of  English  origin,  were  quite  different. 

The  character  of  the  settlers  of  the  seventeenth  century  stamped 
itself  on  the  generations  following.  During  much  of  this  century 
there  was  great  religious  and  political  strife  in  England.  Most  of  the 
settlers  of  the  North  came  to  America  because  of  religious  oppression 
in  the  mother  country. 

In  former  times  it  was  considered  disloyal  to   one's  king  and 

country  not  to  conform  to  the  state  religion.     Multitudes  in  different 

• 

ages  have  had  their  fidelity  to  religious  convictions  tested,  even  to 
the  martyr's  death.  Some  of  the  time  it  was  the  Puritan  who  suf- 
fered, sometimes  the  Quaker,  and  at  others,  the  Roman  Catholic  who 
endured  persecution  for  the  cause  he  believed  to  be  right.  The  Puri- 
tans of  England  sought  a  purer  system  of  faith  and  worship,  in  oppo- 


12  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 

sition  to  all  religious  forms.  The  Cavaliers  were  loyal  to  both  the 
state  religion  and  their  king. 

The  Puritans  were  largely  from  the  middle  classes — the  yeomanry, 
the  pride  and  support  of  England.  The  Cavaliers  belonged  largely 
to  the  aristocracy  and  nobility. 

The  representatives  of  these  two  elements  of  society  in  coming  to 
America  settled  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  and  were  separated 
from  the  beginning  by  these  characteristics  and  religious  differences. 
New  England  was  settled  by  the  Puritans,  Pennsylvania  by  the 
Quakers,  Maryland  by  the  Roman  Catholics,  who  all  sought  an  asy- 
lum from  religious  oppression. 

Virginia  and  much  of  the  South  was  settled  after  the  first  twenty 
years,  largely  by  the  other  class  for  financial  and  commercial  reasons. 
The  northern  section  from  the  nature  of  the  climate  and  soil  com- 
bined, together  with  the  sturdy  character  of  the  people,  was  occupied 
by  small  farmers  and  manufacturers. 

The  people  of  the  South  brought  with  them  from  England  the 
idea  of  large  estates,  and  the  climate  and  soil  aided  to  perpetuate  this 
ideal.  The  one  section  became  a  manufacturing  community  in  which 
cities  and  schools  multiplied.  The  other  became  agricultural  with 
few  cities,  and  fewer  educational  advantages  except  to  the  wealthy. 

The  Beginning  of  Slavery  in  America. — In  1619  a  Dutch  trading 
vessel  brought  some  negroes  to  Jamestown,  whom  they  sold  to  the 
settlers  for  slaves.  Thus  but  twelve  years  after  the  first  settlement, 
slavery  was  planted  in  America.  Here  was  sown  the  germ  of  discord 
which  brought  forth  bitter  fruit.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  near 
Jamestown,  the  seed-bed  of  slavery,  was  fought  some  of  the  most  des- 
perate battles  in  its  support,  that  but  a  few  miles  distant  are  Richmond, 
Petersburg  and  Appomattox,  all  associated  with  its  final  overthrow. 

In  contrast  it  is  well  to  note  that  in  the  North,  Harvard  college 
was  founded  but  seventeen  years  after  the  settlement  at  Plymouth ; 
plantings  of  two  very  different  institutions — slavery  and  schools. 
Each  bore  its  corresponding  harvest.  Slavery  spread  through  most 
of  the  colonies,  but  slave  labor  was  unprofitable  in  the  North,  and 
gradually  died  out. 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  13 

Northwest  Territory. — By  the  famous  ordinance  of  1787  organizing 
the  Northwest  Territory,  slavery  was  prohibited  within  its  boundaries. 
Washington  and  Jefferson,  though  both  slave-holders,  wished  to 
exclude  slavery  from  all  territory  not  organized  into  states.  This 
shows  the  anti-slavery  sentiment  even  at  this  early  date. 

About  the  Constitution. — A  few  years'  test  was  sufficient  to  prove 
the  "  Articles  of  Confederation,"  which  had  been  adopted  formally  in 
1781,  a  failure.  The  present  Constitution  was  framed,  and,  after  a 
long  struggle,  was  adopted,  and  became  the  supreme  law  of  the  land, 
in  1789.  The  Constitution  is  a  compromise  between  two  conflicting 
principles  of  government ;  one  holding  to  the  idea  of  a  strong  central 
government,  with  little  power  left  to  the  states,  the  other  favored 
giving  most  of  the  power  to  individual  states,  leaving  only  a  limited, 
delegated  power  to  the  general  government.  Neither  extreme  was 
satisfied  with  the  Constitution  as  adopted.  Neither  was  probably 
right,  as  it  has  proven  a  most  happy  compromise  on  the  balance  of 
power  between  the  overshadowing,  dangerous  centralization  of  power 
on  one  hand,  and  the  discord  and  weakness  arising  from  too  much 
authority  in  the  hands  of  individual  states,  on  the  other.  Since  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution  there  have  been  two  classes,  one  favor- 
ing a  strong  central  government,  the  other  advocating  state  rights. 
The  idea  that  a  state  could  nullify  a  United  States'  law,  or  leave  the 
Union  if  it  so  desired,  was  not  confined  to  the  South.  But  it  became 
a  more  fixed  doctrine  in  that  section  through  the  teachings  of  John 
C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina.  This  state  attempted  in  1832  to 
nullify  the  United  States'  law  in  regard  to  tariff.  This  doctrine  of 
secession  might  have  remained  through  all  time  a  mere  theory  of 
government,  had  not  the  overshadowing  question  of  slavery  brought 
it  into  prominence.  But  the  Constitution  compromised  also  on  the 
subject  of  slavery.  This  was  not  so  fortunate  as  the  other  compro- 
mise, though  probably  necessary  in  order  to  establish  the  present 
government.  The  Constitution  could  not  have  been  adopted  had  not 
concessions  been  made  by  both  parties. 

As  an  indication  of  the  sensitiveness  on  the  subject  of  slavery  at 
the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  the  word  slave  does  not 


14  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 

appear  in  it  until  used  in  the  Xlllth  amendment,  which  abolishes 
slavery  in  the  United  States.  "  Persons  held  to  service  or  labor  "  is 
the  term  used. 

The  framers  of  the  Constitution  hoped  and  expected  that  slavery 
as  an  institution  would  die  a  natural  death. 

Conditions  Favorable  to  Slave  Labor. — The  climate,  soil,  and  prod- 
ucts of  the  South  made  large  estates  and  slave  labor  more  profitable 
than  in  other  parts  of  the  country.  The  invention  of  the  cotton  gin 
by  Eli  Whitney,  in  1793,  was  another  aid  in  the  same  line.  Before 
this  invention  it  was  a  slow,  tedious  process  to  separate  the  seed  from 
the  cotton  wool,  and  slave  labor,  as  a  result  of  this  invention,  became 
more  than  ever  valuable. 

From  this  time  until  the  close  of  the.  civil  war,  the  question  of 
the  extension  of  slavery  in  the  Union  became  a  subject  of  strife. 
The  struggles  occurred  whenever  a  new  state  was  to  be  admitted  to 
the  Union,  or  a  new  territory  added  to  its  dominion.  Each  section 
sought  to  obtain  the  balance  of  power.  As  the  free  states  claimed  no 
right  to  interfere  with  slavery  already  existing  in  a  state,  the  conflict 
was  necessarily  over  the  admission  of  new  states  and  the  growth  of 
territory. 

The  Missouri  Compromise. — At  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  war, 
the  Mississippi  River  was  the  western  boundary  of  the  United  States, 
but  Spain  held  the  mouth  of  this  river.  Slavery  had  been  excluded 
from  the  North  West  Territory,  but  permitted  south  of  the  Ohio  River. 
In  1800,  Spain  ceded  that  vast  territory  lying  directly  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  known  as  Louisiana,  to  France. 

In  1803  the  United  States  bought  this  territory  of  France  for 
$15,000,000.  In  1812  Louisiana,  a  part  of  this  purchase,  lying  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  entered  the  Union  as  a  slave  state.  When 
in  1819  Missouri  applied  for  admission  into  the  Union  as  a  slave 
state,  the  anti-slavery  people  objected.  The  difficulty  was  settled  by 
the  "  Missouri  Compromise."  By  this  bill  Missouri  was  admitted  as 
a  slave  state,  but  slavery  was  to  be  forever  excluded  from  the  terri- 
tory north  of  36° — 30',  the  southern  line  of  Missouri.  A  glance  at 
the  map  will  show  that  at  that  time  most  of  the  territory  was  north 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  15 


of  this  line.  This  appeared  to  be  much  in  favor  of  the  North.  But 
more  territory  was  to  be  added  to  the  constantly  increasing  posses- 
sions of  the  nation,  causing  great  disturbance  to  its  peace. 

Mexican  War. — In  1845  Texas,  having  previously  gained  its 
independence  of  Mexico,  applied  for  admission  to  -the  Union.  The 
North  opposed  this  for  two  reasons  :  it  would  result  in  war  with 
Mexico  and  add  more  slave  states  to  the  Union.  Texas  was  ad- 
mitted, and  in  consequence  came  the  Mexican  war.  As  a  result  of 
this  war,  the  United  States  acquired  all  that  large  territory  west  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  south  of  Oregon.  By  a  treaty  with  Eng- 
land in  1846,  the  disputed  tract  of  Oregon  and  Washington  became 
a  part  of  the  United  States.  When  in  1850  California  applied  for 
admission  as  a  free  state,  the  old  slavery  question  again  appeared. 

As  a  compromise  different  bills  were  passed  covering  the  fol- 
lowing propositions : 

1.  California  was  admitted  as  a  free  state. 

2.  Utah  and  New  Mexico  were  organized  as  territories  with  the 
privilege  of  admission  as  free  or  slave  states  as  each  might  choose. 

3.  Texas  boundary  line  was  established. 

4.  The  "Fugitive  Slave  Law"  was  passed. 

5.  An  act  providing  for  the  suppression  of  slave  trade  in  the 
District  of  Columbia  was  passed.     The  Fugitive  Slave  Law  aroused 
much  bitterness  of  feeling  in  the  North.      This  agitation  showed 
its  determination  in  large  conventions  of  the  indignant  people  of 
the  North,  and  in  the  aid  given  to  slaves  escaping  from  bondage. 
From  this  time  the  bitterness  of  feeling  between  the  North  and  the 
South  grew  in  intensity.     In  1854  Senator  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  of 
Illinois,  introduced  a  bill  to   organize  Kansas  and  Nebraska  into 
territories,  and  to  permit  the  slave-holder  to  take  his  slaves  there. 
This  bill  became  a    law,    thus   practically  repealing  the  "  Missouri 
Compromise,"  as  some  of  these  territories  lay  north  of  36° — 30'. 


1C  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 

EXERCISE  ON  MAP  I. 

TERRITORIAL    GROWTH. 

Name  the  thirteen  original  states. 

There  are  now  sixteen  occupying  the  same  territory. 

Name  the  'other  three. 

Why  and  when  was  each  separated  from  the  original  state '.' 

What  was  the  western  boundary  of  the  United  States  at  the  close 
of  the  Revolution  ? 

What  states  were  carved  out  of  the  North  West  territory  ? 

What  state  claimed  Kentucky,  and  why  ?  Tennessee,  and  why  ? 
Mississippi,  and  why  ?  Alabama,  and  why  ? 

Why  did  Virginia,  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts  claim  a  part  of 
the  North  West  territory  ? 

(A  suggestion  :  Trace  the  north  and  the  south  boundaries  of 
each  of  these  states,  to  see  where  they  strike  the  North  West 
territory.) 

Give  account  of  the  Louisiana  purchase. 

How  many  states  have  been  formed  from  the  Louisiana  purchase? 

Are  there  any  territories  yet  remaining  in  this  purchase  ? 

From  whom,  and  when  was  Florida  purchased  ? 

How  and  when  did  Texas  become  a  part  of  the  Union  ? 

How  and  when  did  the  Oregon  country  become  a  part  of  the 
Union  ? 

What  was  the  result  of  the  annexation  of  Texas  ? 

What  states  and  territories  are  included  in  the  territory  obtained 
from  Mexico  as  a  result  of  the  Mexican  war  ? 

Trace  the  Missouri  Compromise  line. 

What  was  the  real  "  Mason  and  Dixon's  line"? 

Why  was  the  boundary  between  the  free  and  the  slave  states 
afterward  called  the  Mason  and  Dixon's  line? 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  19 

The  Republican  Party. — A  new  party,  the  Republican  by  name, 
was  organized,  based  upon  the  principle  of  opposition  to  the  exten- 
sion of  slavery.  In  the  Presidential  election  of  1856,  in  which  John 
C.  Fremont  was  the  Republican  candidate,  and  James  Buchanan  the 
Democratic  nominee,  the  subject  of  slavery  was,  for  the  first  time, 
made  an  issue  between  the  opposing  parties. 

By  the  Dred  Scott  decision  the  "  Missouri  Compromise"  was  de- 
clared unconstitutional,  that  slaves  could  be  held  in  any  territory  ; 
and  that  slave  owners  could  take  their  slaves  into  any  state  in  the 
Union  without  losing  their  right  of  property  in  such  persons. 

Kansas  Troubles. — As  by  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill  these  terri- 
tories were  open  to  slavery  if  the  inhabitants  should  so  decide,  free- 
soil  men  from  the  North  flocked  to  settle  Kansas  and  thus  vote  out 
slavery.  The  South  also  sent  its  representatives  and  war  raged  be- 
tween the  free-soil  and  pro-slavery  settlers. 

Both  presidents,  Pierce  and  Buchanan,  took  the  part  of  the  pro- 
slavery  party  in  Kansas  ;  but  the  final  result  was  that  Kansas  came 
into  the  Union  as  a  free  state.  The  Kansas  struggle  was  but  the 
picket  firing  preluding  the  great  national  strife. 

The  Sumner  Outrage. — In  May,  1856,  Charles  Sumner,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, made  a  two-days'  speech  in  the  senate  on  what  he  called  the 
"Crime  against  Kansas."  This  great  effort  so  aroused  the  anger  of 
the  pro-slavery  members  and  the  South  in  general,  that  two  days  after 
the  speech,  as  Mr.  Sumner  was  quietly  writing  at  his  desk  in  the 
senate  chamber,  he  was  attacked  by  Preston  S.  Brooks,  a  member  of 
the  House  from  South  Carolina,  and  nephew  of  Mr.  Butler  of  the 
same  state,  to  whom  Mr.  Sumner  alluded  when  he  said :  "He  cannot 
open  his  mouth,  but  out  flies  a  blunder."  The  attack  was  so  sudden 
that  before  Mr.  Sumner  could  rise  from  his  desk,  and  before  his 
friends  could  come  to  his  rescue,  he  became  unconscious  from  the 
heavy  blows  upon  his  head,  inflicted  by  the  cane  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Brooks. 

The  effect  of  this  cowardly  and  brutal  assault  was  to  intensify  the 
bitterness  already  existing  between  the  North  and  the  South  ;  at  the 


20  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 

North  Mr.  Sumner  was  defended,  and  resolutions  and  indignation 
meetings  denouncing  Mr.  Brooks's  action  were  of  common  occurrence. 

Thus  the  Sumner  assault  became  a  factor  in  the  great  slavery 
contest  of  the  nation. 

John  Brown. — Another  event .  had  a  like  effect  upon  the  feelings 
of  the  people.  John  Brown,  one  of  the  Kansas  anti-slavery  settlers, 
conceived  the  idea  of  immediate  freedom  of  the  slaves,  and  gather- 
ing a  small  company  of  both  black  and  white  men,  attacked  the  United 
States  arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry.  Most  of  his  associates  were  killed 
or  imprisoned,  and  he  was  captured,  tried  and  hung  by  the  authority 
of  the  State  of  Virginia.  John  Brown's  act  was  generally  con- 
demned by  the  people  of  the  North  as  well  as  the  South,  though  a  few 
considered  him  a  martyr  to  freedom.  Afterwards,  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  spirit  of  the  act,  the  soldiers'  rallying  song,  "  John 
Brown's  body  lies  mouldering  in  the  grave,  but  his  soul  goes 
marching  on,"  became  famous. 

Republican  Party. — There  had  always  been  an  anti-slavery  element 
in  both  the  Whig  and  the  Democratic  parties,  but  the  Republican 
party  was  the  first  to  declare  openly  against  the  extension  of  slavery. 
The  Democratic  party  became  the  pro-slavery  party.  When  in  1860 
Abraham  Lincoln  was  elected  President  the  South  was  ripe  for  seces- 
sion. By  the  long  struggle  outlined  in  the  preceding  pages,  the 
South  had  become  so  frenzied  in  its  opposition  to  the  sentiments  of 
the  North,  and  the  infringement  upon  what  it  considered  its  rights, 
that  it  was  ready  to  follow  its  most  extreme  leaders,  and  the  result 
was  secession  and  war. 


CHAPTER    II. 


HOW  THE  ARMY  WAS  ORGANIZED. 

As  we  are  to  study  a  great  war,  it  is  well  to  know  something  of 
the  organization  of  the  army,  the  terms  used,  and  the  difficulties  to 
be  overcome.  The  Company  is  the  smallest  organized  unit  of  the  army. 
A  Captain  and  two  Lieutenants  are  the  commissioned  officers  of  the 
company.  Ten  or  twelve  companies  form  a  regiment.  A  Colonel,  a 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  and  a  Major  constitute  the  officers  of  a  regiment. 
The  regiment  is  a  kind  of  family.  To  be  away  from  the  regiment 
meant  to  the  soldier  to  be  absent  from  home.  From  three  to  five 
regiments  were  placed  in  a  brigade,  with  either  a  Brigadier-General 
or  a  Colonel  commanding.  From  two  to  four  brigades  constituted  a 
division,  commanded  either  by  a  Major-General  or  a  senior  Brigadier- 
General.  Usually  three  divisions  formed  a  corps,  commanded  by  a 
Major-General. 

The  army  was  not  divided  into  corps  at  the  beginning  of  the  war, 
but  as  it  grew  in  number  it  became  necessary  in  order  to  skilfully 
handle  so  large  a  body  of  men. 

Divisions  of  the  Army. — 

Army Commander Senior  Major-General. 

Corps Major-General. 

Division Junior  Major-General. 

Brigade Brigadier-General. 

Regiment Colonel. 

Company Captain. 

Needs  of  an  Army. — An  army  must  be  fed,  clothed,  and  sheltered 
as  far  as  possible.  It  must  have  arms  and  ammunition.  Its  sick 
and  wounded  must  be  cared  for.  At  the  head  of  each  department, 
corresponding  to  these  needs,  is  an  officer  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  that 

21 


22  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 


the  men  of  his  command  are  supplied  with  what  is  necessary  in  his 
department.  The  Quartermaster  and  Commissary  supply  the  bodily 
needs  of  the  men ;  the  Ordnance  officer,  the  arms  and  ammunition ; 
and  the  Medical  department  cares  for  the  sick  and  the  wounded. 
The  heads  of  these  departments  compose  a  part  of  the  staff  of  the 
commanding  officer. 

The  staff  are  the  assistants  of  the  commanding  officer.  Each  has 
his  special  duties  to  perform.  Each  is  held  responsible  for  the  suc- 
cessful execution  of  his  specific  duty. 

Difficulties  in  Supplying  an  Army, — A  Union  or  a  Confederate 
army  rarely  numbered  less  than  forty  thousand  men.  The  Army  of 
the  Potomac  several  times  exceeded  100,000  men.  It  is  a  very 
difficult  task  to  supply  and  manipulate  so  large  a  number  of  men, 
and  at  the  same  time  to  move  against  an  enemy  ever  ready  to  defeat 
and  destroy.  Not  only  the  men,  but  a  vast  number  of  animals,  must 
be  cared  for.  It  would  take  at  least  4,000  six-horse  teams  to  supply 
an  army  of  100,000  men  but  a  short  distance  from  its  "base."  Be- 
sides these,  the  horses  of  the  officers,  artillery,  and  cavalry,  and  a 
long  train  of  ambulances  for  the  sick  and  wounded,  must  be  included. 
These  facts  must  be  kept  in  mind  if  we  would  fully  realize  the  diffi- 
culty in  handling  a  large  army.  In  order  to  be  supplied,  such  vast 
bodies  of  men  must  move  along  navigable  rivers  or  along  railroads. 
The  ordinary  wagon  train  can  supply  an  army  but  a  few  miles  from 
its  base  of  supplies.  A  knowledge  of  these  things  will  make  quite 
clear  many  facts  of  history. 

Napoleon  lost  his  great  army  of  nearly  half  a  million  men  in  the 
Russian  snows  because  he  had  moved  so  far  away  from  his  base  of 
supplies.  When  the  Russians  burned  Moscow,  he  had  neither  shelter 
nor  food  for  his  army.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  valleys  of 
Lake  Champlain  and  the  Hudson  river  were  of  great  importance  in 
all  the  intercolonial  wars,  as  well  as  in  our  two  wars  with  England. 
Before  the  time  of  railroads  these  navigable  waters  formed  the  only 
highway  by  which  armies  could  march  to  and  fro  and  be  supplied. 
The  difficulty  in  passing  that  little  strip  of  land  between  Lake 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA,  23 

Champlairi  and  the  Hudson  river  caused  the  overthrow  and  surren- 
der of  General  Burgoyne. 

Home  Life  of  a  Soldier. — Does  a  soldier  have  a  home  ?  Yes,  or 
something  that  takes  its  place.  He  must  have  a  place  where  he  can 
eat,  rest  and  sleep.  He  must  have  a  social  life.  Even  amidst  the 
constant  danger  and  the  tedious  duties  of  camp,  his  is  not  necessa- 
rily a  gloomy  life.  A  tin  plate,  a  tin  cup,  a  case-knife,  and  a  part 
ownership  in  a  frying  pan  and  kettle  comprised  his  kitchen  utensils. 
When  the  bacon  fries  and  the  coffee  boils — real  coffee,  which  the 
northern  housewife  vainly  tried  to 'imitate  by  the  substitution  of 
parched  wheat  and  barley  during  war  times — he  transfers  his  meal 
from  the  rail  fire  to  the  table  of  his  invention  or  discovery,  and  eats 
with  an  appetite  born  of  labor  and  exposure.  His  dwelling  house 
consisted  of  a  half  ownership  in  what  "the  boys  "called  a  "  dog 
tent,"  which  was  made  from  two  pieces  of  cloth  about  six  feet  square, 
buttoned  together,  and  drawn  over  a  horizontal  stick  which  rested 
on  the  crotched  ends  of  two  perpendicular  sticks  about  three  or  four 
feet  high.  At  the  open  end  he  built  his  fire,  and  dividing  his  house 
into  compartments,  he  makes  his  bed  of  knapsack  and  blanket,  and 
with  his  feet  to  the  fire,  sleeps  the  sleep  of  the  weary.  When  on  the 
march,  through  sun,  or  rain,  or  snow — snail  like — he  carries  his 
house  and  furniture  with  him. 

Much  of  the  time  the  soldiers  had  insufficient  food,  and  that  not 
of  a  proper  kind.  When  in  camp  it  was  often  a  puzzle  to  know  how 
to  occupy  the  time.  Story-telling,  whittling,  games  of  all  kinds, 
writing,  reading,  whenever  reading  matter  was  to  be  obtained,  were 
the  chief  occupations,  varied  by  mending  and  a  little  washing  occa- 
sionally. 

The  real  home  was  an  experience  of  the  past,  or  knowrn  only  in 
the  dreams  of  night. 

Preparations  for  War. — At  the  fall  of  Fort  Sumter  the  Northern 
people  realized  that  war  was  upon  them — a  dread  reality.  Before 
this  they  could  not  believe  that  the  South  would  resort  to  so  extreme 
measures.  Neither  section  understood  the  other.  The  impetuous 
South  believed  that  the  Northern  people  were  lacking  in  chivalry, 


A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 


and  would  not  fight  ;  but  beneath  their  apparent  stoicism  burned 
the  fires  of  patriotic  zeal.  Many  of.  the  Northern  people  did  not 
favor  coercing  the  South,  and  did  not  believe  that  it  could  be  com- 
pelled by  force  to  remain  in  the  Union.  "  Let  the  erring  sisters  go  " 
was  their  advice. 

Mr.  Lincoln  in  his  inaugural  address  said  that  he  had  no  inten- 
tion of  interfering  with  slavery  in  the  states  ;  but  he  also  declared 
that  no  state  could  lawfully  withdraw  from  the  Union  ;  and  that  his 
official  power  should  be  used  "  To  hold,  occupy  and  possess  the 
property  and  places  belonging  to  the  Government." 

This  meant  war  should  the  Southern  states  persist  in  their  efforts 
to  secede. 

When  Mr.  Lincoln  called  for  troops  to  put  down  the  rebellion, 
Senator  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  of  Illinois,  loyally  came  forward  to  the 
support  of  Mr.  Lincoln  in  his  efforts  to  save  the  Union.  The  extra 
session  of  Congress  called  by  President  Lincoln  met  on  the  4th  of 
July,  and  by  this  time,  so  prompt  was  the  response  to  the  call  for 
troops,  the  Union  army  had  grown  to  more  than  250,000  strong, 
mostly  three-year  volunteers.  The  South  was  just  as  prompt  to 
respond  to  the  call  of  the  Confederate  authorities. 

Why  the  South  was  Better  Prepared.  —  At  the  beginning  the  South 
was  much  better  prepared  for  war  than  the  North.  The  Southern 
people  were  more  military  in  their  tastes  and  training.  The  arsenals 
and  navy  yards  in  the  South  were  all  seized  by  the  Confederate 
authorities.  The  great  naval  station  at  Portsmouth,  near  Norfolk, 
Virginia,  was  abandoned  after  most  of  the  numerous  vessels  of  war 
stationed  there  had  been  sunk.  The  United  States  arsenal  at 
Harper's  Ferry  was  burned  to  prevent  its  falling  into  the  hands  of 
Virginia  secessionists.  Immense  stores  of  small  arms,  cannon,  foun- 
dries and  large  quantities  of  powder  fell  into  the  hands  of  Southern 
forces; 

President  Buchanan's  Secretary  of  War,  Floyd,  had  managed  to 
have  most  of  the  arms  stored  in  Southern  arsenals  so  that  the  North 
had  but  one  arsenal  left,  that  at  Springfield,  Massachusetts. 

Strength  of  the  North.  —  The  North  was  much  stronger  in  men  and 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  25 

general  resources,  but  slower  to  act.  The  South  being  an  agricultural 
community,  sold  its  cotton,  sugar  and  tobacco  to  Europe,  purchasing 
in  return  such  manufactured  articles  as  it  needed.  The  North  was 
full  of  teeming  work-shops  ;  the  Northwest  a  vast  store  house  of  food 
products  and  mineral  resources.  Soon  after  the  firing  on  Sumter, 
President  Lincoln  proclaimed  a  blockade  on  Southern  ports  which, 
if  successfully  accomplished,  would  prove  a  heavy  blow  to  the  South, 
as  it  depended  on  Europe  for  many  things  necessary  for  its  con- 
venience. 

Hopes  of  the  South. — On  the  other  hand,  England  and  France  must 
have  the  cotton  from  the  South  to  keep  their  looms  going.  For  this 
very  reason  the  South  hoped  that  these  two  nations  would  acknowl- 
edge the  Confederacy  as  an  independent  government,  and  furnish 
them  aid  in  the  contest. 

"Cotton  is  king"  was  the  cry  of  the  Confederacy,  and  its  hopes 
of  recognition  and  aid  continued  until  the  last  year  of  the  war. 

While  England  and  France  did  not  acknowledge  the  Confederate 
states  as  a  nation,  they  did  recognize  it  as  a  belligerent  power  entitled 
to  all  the  rights  of  war. 

There  was  great  suffering  among  the  manufacturing  classes  of 
England  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  cotton,  but  they  were  loyal  to 
the  free  North,  while  the  upper  classes  were  outspoken  in  favor  of  the 
South. 


CHAPTER  III. 


MILITARY  EVENTS  OF  1861. 

Within  a  few  hours  after  the  first  call  for  troops  by  President 
Lincoln,  regiments  from  Massachusetts,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania 
were  on  their  way  to  Washington. 

On  the  morning  of  the  19th  of  April,  the  anniversary  of  the  battle 
of  Lexington,  a  Massachusetts  regiment  reached  Baltimore.  Here  it 
was  attacked  by  a  mob  incited  by  Southern  sympathizers  in  the  city. 
Several  were  killed  on  both  sides,  and  the  regiment  after  much  diffi- 
culty was  able  to  take  the  cars  for  Washington.  For  several  days  no 
troops  were  permitted  to  pass  through  Baltimore  for  the  relief  of 
Washington.  But  General  Butler  with  the  Massachusetts  6th  regi- 
ment, and  Colonel  Lefferts  with  the  New  York  7th,  passed  down 
Chesapeake  Bay  to  Annapolis.  From  here,  repairing  the  railroad  as 
they  went,  they  marched  overland  to  Washington.  General  Butler 
soon  after  took  possession  of  Baltimore.  Union  troops  now  pouring- 
through  the  city  gathered  at  Washington,  securing  it  from  immediate 
danger. 

Fortress  Monroe,  between  the  James  and  the  York  rivers,  com- 
manding the  entrance  to  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  was  still  occupied  by 
the  United  States  troops,  but  was  at  this  time  in  danger  of  falling 
into  the  hands  of  the  Confederate  troops  gathering  about  it.  General 
Butler  with  a  large  force  was  sent  to  reinforce  it. 

West  Virginia. — A  large  majority  of  the  people  of  West  Virginia 
remained  loyal  to  the  Union,  and  refused  to  follow  the  remainder  of 
the  state  in  its  secession.  This  section  set  up  a  government  of  its 
own,  which  was  afterward  admitted  as  a  state.  The  seat  of  the  Con- 
federate government  was  removed  from  Montgomery,  Alabama,  to 
Richmond,  Virginia,  necessarily  making  that  part  of  Virginia  between 
the  capitals  the  principal  battle-ground  of  the  war. 

26 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  27 

General  George  B.  McClellan  had  command  of  the  Department  of 
the  Ohio.  General  W.  S.  Rosecrans  commanded  in  West  Virginia  under 
him.  By  the  close  of  July,  1861,  the  Confederate  forces  were  all 
driven  out  of  West  Virginia,  being  defeated  at  the  battles  of  Rich 
Mountain,  Cheat  River  and  Carrick's  Ford. 

Bull  Run. — By  the  last  of  June  a  force  of  40,000  men  had  gath- 
ered in  the  vicinity  of  Washington.  The  Union  troops  had  taken 
possession  of  Arlington  Heights  in  Virginia,  opposite  Washington, 
this  being  the  home  of  General  R.  E.  Lee,  of  the  Confederate  army. 
This  position  and  Alexandria  further  down  the  river  were  strongly 
fortified.  The  Northern  people  became  impatient  at  what  they  con- 
sidered unnecessary  delay,  and  their  cry  was  "  On  to  Richmond." 
They  did  not  understand  that  40,000  undisciplined  men  hurriedly 
brought  together  do  not  constitute  an  army.  It  takes  much 
time  to  produce  an  effective  army.  General  Winfield  Scott,  a 
genera]  of  the  war  of  1812,  who  also  led  our  troops  to  victory  in 
Mexico,  was  still  Commander-in-chief  of  the  Union  army.  Being  too 
old  and  infirm  to  command  troops  in  the  field,  General  McDowell 
was  given  command  of  forces  to  move  against  the  Confederates  sta- 
tioned behind  Bull  Run.  The  battle  of  Bull  Run  was  fought  July 
21st.  At  first  the  Union  troops  were  successful,  and  up  to  four  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon  all  seemed  to  be  in  their  favor,  but  a  panic  seized 
them,  and  a  large  part  of  the  army  fled  in  confusion  to  Washington. 
This  disaster  was  a  severe  blow  to  the  pride  of  the  North,  but  it 
taught  a  lesson  that  had  to  be  learned,  that  this  war  was  to  be  no  holi- 
day affair.  Immediately  the  North  began  to  prepare  for  a  long  and 
bloody  war. 

General  McClellan  was  given  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac.  Money  was  voted  by  Congress  to  carry  on  the  war.  Half 
a  million  men  responded  to  the  call  of  the  President,  but  it  took 
time  to  arm  and  discipline  these  troops,  and  Washington  must  be 
strongly  fortified.  This  was  the  work  of  the  east  during  the  remain- 
der of  the  year  1861. 

Missouri. — The  Legislature  of  Missouri  was  loyal  to  the  Union, 
but  its  Governor  made  every  effort  to  carry  the  state  to  the  Con- 


A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 


federate  side.  He  called  for  50,000  troops  to  drive  out  the  "  invaders," 
they  being  the  loyal  Missourians  who  had  taken  up  arms  for  the 
Union. 

General  Lyon  did  not  wait  for  the  Confederates  to  organize,  but 
drove  Governor  Jackson  from  Jefferson  City,  routing  his  forces  at 
Boonville.  In  August  General  Lyon  attacked  the  Confederates  at 
Wilson's  Creek,  a  few  miles  south  of  Springfield.  Here  General 
Lyon  was  killed  and  the  Union  forces  driven  back. 

About  this  time  General  John  C.  Fremont  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  all  the  Union  forces  in  Missouri.  Early  in  September, 
Colonel  Mulligan  was  besieged  at  Lexington,  Missouri,  by  a  large 
Confederate  force.  After  a  long  struggle  he  was  compelled  to  sur- 
render his  force  of  about  2,500  men.  But  before  the  close  of  the 
year  the  Confederates  under  General  Price  were  driven  from  the 
state.  In  November  General  Grant  fought  his  first  battle  of  the  war 
at  Belmont,  in  Missouri,  opposite  Columbus,  Kentucky.  During 
most  of  the  war  a  large  part  of  Missouri  was  in  a  very  laAvless,  un- 
settled state.  The  Confederates  were  unable  to  hold  possession  of 
any  part  of-  it  for  any  great  length  of  time,  but  made  frequent 
incursions,  annoying  the  people  and  keeping  many  Union  troops  on 
the  defensive. 

This  condition  of  affairs  continued  until  the  last  year  of  the  war, 
the  Confederacy  making  periodic  invasions  into  the  state. 

As  the  operations  in  Missouri  lay  outside  the  general  course  of 
events  that  led  to  the  overthrow  of  the  Confederacy,  it  will  not  be 
necessary  to  again  refer  to  this  section,  though  many  important 
events  transpired  here,  which,  at  other  times,  would  be  of  great 
interest  were  they  not  overshadowed  by  operations  of  greater  im- 
portance in  other  directions. 

Events  Along  the  Coast. — In  August  of  this  year,  a  naval  expedi- 
tion under  General  Burnside  captured  Hatteras  Inlet,  leading  into 
Pamlico  Sound.  By  this  success  the  North  got  possession  of  all  that 
part  of  the  coast  of  North  Carolina.  This  aided  the  blockade  and 
furthered  future  operations  in  that  region. 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  29 

A  second  expedition  captured  Port  Royal  on  the  coast  of  South 
Carolina. 

Hilton  Head,  on  this  harbor,  became  an  important  centre  for 
naval  operations  on  the  South  Atlantic  coast. 

Kentucky. — Kentucky  was  loyal  to  the  Union,  though  its  Governor 
made  every  effort  to  keep  the  state  in  a  neutral  position.  But  in 
September  the  Confederates  took  possession  of  Columbus,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  while  the  Union  troops  under  General  Grant  occu- 
pied Paducah,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tennessee  river.  Later  the 
Confederates  occupied  Bowling  Green  and  Mill  Springs.  The  Union 
troops  under  General  D.  C.  Buell  occupied  the  northern  part  of  the 
state.  All  the  events  of  the  year  1861,  both  East  and  West,  were  but 
preliminaries  to  the  greater  struggle  of  following  years. 

There  were  no  studied  plans  or  campaigns.  It  was  a  time  of 
preparation.  Each  side  had  to  create  its  army  from  men  who  knew 
comparatively  nothing  of  war.  The  officers  of  the  regular  army 
were  the  nucleus  around  which  each  side  formed  its  army.  Most  of 
the  officers  from  the  South  resigned  their  commissions  in  the  regu- 
lar army  and  joined  the  Confederate  army.  There  were,  however, 
some  notable  exceptions.  General  Scott  and  General  George  H. 
Thomas  were  Virginians,  Admiral  Farragut  was  a  Tennesseean,  while 
other  Southerners  of  less  note  remained  devoted  to  the  Union. 

The  Trent  Affair. — Captain  Wilkes  of  the  United  States  navy 
intercepted  the  British  ship  "Trent,"  which  had  on  board  two  Con- 
federate commissioners  on  their  way  to  England  and  France  to 
invite  sympathy  and  aid.  These  he  took  prisoners  and  came  near  in- 
volving us  in  war  with  England.  This  was  considered  an  insult  to 
the  British  flag,  but  a  conflict  was  avoided  by  compliance  to  the  de- 
mand of  England  to  give  up  the  prisoners. 

Summary  of  1861. — 1.  Secession  of  South  Carolina  and  Gulf 
states.  (Jan.,  1861.) 

2.  Confederate  Government  located  at  Montgomery,  Ala.     (Feb. 
4th,  1861.) 

3.  Mr.  Lincoln  inaugurated  President.     (March  4th,  1861.) 

4.  Surrender  of  Fort  Sumter.     (April  14th.) 


30  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL   WAR. 

5.  Call  for  troops.     (April  15th.) 

6.  Secession  of  other  Southern  states. 

7.  Capture  of  forts  and  arsenals  by  Confederates.     (April.) 

8.  Removal  of  Confederate  capital  to  Richmond. 

9.  Extra  session  of  Congress.     (July  4th . ) 

10.  Baltimore  riot.     (April  19th.) 

11.  Confederates  driven  from  West  Virginia. 

12.  Bull  Run.     Confederate  victory.     (July  21st.) 

13.  General  McClellan   made   commander   of  the   Union  army. 
Ball's  Bluff.     (October  21st.) 

14.  Roanoke  Island  and  Port  Royal  Harbor  captured.     Union 
victory.     (November  27th.) 

15.  In   Missouri — Wilson's   Creek.       (August    10th.)      Death  of 
General  Lyon,  August  10th.     General  Fremont  in  command.    Battle 
of  Belmont.     (Nov.  7th.) 

16.  Kentucky  occupied  by  Union  and  Confederate  troops. 

17.  Trent  affair.     (November  8th.) 


EXERCISE   ON   MAP   II. 

Map  II  represents  the  field  of  operations  in  the  West  for  1862-63 
and  1864. 

Locate  St.  Louis,  Cairo,  Paducah,  Louisville,  Cincinnati,  Bowl- 
ing Green,  Perry ville,  Frankfort,  Mill  Spring,  Belmont,  Columbus, 
Fort  Henry,  Fort  Donelson,  Nashville,  Franklin,  Island  No.  10, 
Fort  Pillow,  Memphis,  Pittsburg  Landing  (or  Shiloh) ,  Corinth,  Flor- 
ence, Decatur,  Chattanooga,  Knoxville,  Murfreesboro. 

Trace  the  railroad  from  Louisville  to  Atlanta,  through  Nashville 
and  Chattanooga. 

Trace  the  Tennessee  river  from  Paducah  to  Knoxville. 

Trace  the  Mississippi  river  from  St.  Louis  to  its  mouth. 

Study  location  of  all  the  rivers  south  of  Tennessee. 

All  named  or  numbered  on  the  map  should  be  fixed  in  the  mind. 


II 


wling  Green 

Mill  S 


FIELD  OF  OPERATIONS  Jtf  THE   WEST 


Look  Out'Mountain. 
Cbickamauga. 
Kennesaw  Mountain 
Peach  Tree  Creek. 
Battle  of  Atlanta. 
Fort  McAllister— 
Missionary  Ridze 


(1)  Belmont. 

(2)  Fort  Pillow. 

(3)  Grand  Grflf. 

(4)  Fort  Jackson  &  St.PhfltSp. 
Co)  Farragm's  Battle. 

(6)  Eensacola. 

(7)  Grant's  Battles. 


31 


CHAPTER   IV. 


EVENTS  IN  THE  WEST,  1862. 

The  first  object  to  be  accomplished  by  the  Union  army  in  the 
West  was  to  gain  possession  of  the  Mississippi  river.  If  this  could 
be  done,  the  Confederate  territory  would  be  cut  in  two,  and  the  over- 
throw of  the  Confederacy  only  a  question  of  time.  The  South  real- 
izing this,  strongly  fortified  the  river  at  different  points  from  Colum- 
bus to  its  mouth. 

The  second  object  was  to  get  possession  of  Kentucky,  Tennessee 
and  Georgia.  The  destruction  of  the  Confederate  army  was,  of 
course,  the  final  result  to  be  accomplished,  but  this  could  not  be 
reasonably  hoped  for  until  the  resources  of  the  South  were  crippled, 
and  the  country  so  divided  as  to  make  it  impossible  to  sustain 
the  armies  in  the  field.  From  the  nature  of  the  case,  the  Union 
armies  must  act  on  the  "offensive,"  that  is,  must  drive  the  Confeder- 
ates before  them.  Should  the  South  be  able  to  retain  possession  of 
its  own  territory,  or  a  considerable  part  of  it,  success  would  ulti- 
mately crown  its  efforts.  , 

The  North  in  order  to  succeed  must  move  forward,  and  occupy 
the  strongholds  of  the  South. 

Commanders  and  Positions. — During  the  winter  of  1861-62  in  the 
West,  General  H.  W.  Halleck  commanded  along  the  Mississippi  river 
and  in  Missouri,  with  headquarters  at  St.  Louis. 

General  Grant  under  him  commanded  at  Cairo,  111.,  and  Paducah. 
General  D.  C.  Buell  commanded  in  Kentucky,  with  headquarters  at 
Louisville.  Commodore  Foote  commanded  the  rivers.  The  flotilla 
of  gunboats  had  much  to  do  with  the  opening  of  the  Mississippi 
river. 

The  Confederate  line  extended  from  Columbus  on  the  Mississippi 
river,  through  Fort  Henry  on  the  Tennessee  river,  Fort  Donelson  on 

33 


34  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL   WAR. 

the  Cumberland,  and  Bowling  Green  south  of  Greene  river,  to  Mill 
Spring  on  the  upper  course  of  the  Cumberland  river.  The  position 
at  Columbus  was  so  strong  that  it  could  not  well  be  taken  by  the 
Union  forces,  so  the  Confederate  line  must  be  broken  at  some  other 
point.  The  Tennessee  river  being  navigable  for  steamboats  up  as  far 
as  Florence,  Alabama,  and  the  Cumberland  to  Nashville  and  beyond, 
the  Union  army  had  the  choice  of  four  lines  of  advance,  each  de- 
fended by  a  Confederate  force. 

First,  by  the  Mississippi  river  defended  at  Columbus ;  second,  by 
the  Tennessee  river  defended  at  Fort  Henry  ;  third,  by  the  Cumber- 
land river  defended  at  Fort  Donelson  ;  fourth,  lay  the  Louisville  and 
Nashville  railroad  defended  at  Bowling  Green.  The  first  and  fourth 
positions  were  very  strong,  the  second  and  third  on  the  Tennessee 
and  Cumberland  rivers  being  the  weaker  points  of  the  Confederate 
line.  

EXERCISE  ON  MAP   III. 

(1),  (2),  (3),  (4)  and  (5)  represent  five  places  held  by  the  Con- 
federates, and  is  their  line  of  defense  January  1,  1862. 

Name  them. 

The  shaded  part  represents  states  held  by  Confederates  at  same 
date. 

Name  them. 

Why  do  the  Confederates  occupy  (1),  (2),  (3),  (4)  ? 

What  would  be  the  effect  should  the  Union  forces  take  (2)  or  (3)  ? 

Suppose  a  Union  army  with  gunboats  were  at  No.  (6) ,  and  a  Con- 
federate army  at  (4),  what  would  be  the  effect? 

Union  troops  occupy  (8),  (9)  and  (10):  Name  the  places. 

Broken  lines  represent  railroads  ( ) . 

Why,  then,  is  Bowling  Green  held  by  the  Confederates  ? 

No.  (2)  is  the  weakest  point  in  the  Confederate  line ;  how  strong, 
then,  is  the  Confederate  line  ? 

How  much  of  the  Mississippi  river  do  the  Confederates  now  hold  ? 

Why  was  it  necessary  first  to  take  Chattanooga  before  East  Ten- 
nessee could  be  permanently  occupied  by  Union  army  ? 


LOUISVJ^f\FRANKFORT 


.,,_  , 

»-*-NASHVILLE    .'•-  K.?          .<' 

uVfl-Hpchnrn  \    "  -^    KnOXV 


.,*,  /•-,,    ^  *""<^AUnUSTA 


CONFEDERATE  LINE  OF  DEFENSE 


IN  THE  WEST,  JAN.  1,  1862. 

Shaded  part  represents'the  countryheld'by  the  Confederates,  Jan.,  1862. 


CIVIL    WAR  IN  AMERICA.  37 

Mill  Springs,  Fort  Henry  and  Donelson. — Early  in  the  spring  Gen- 
eral Greorge  H.  Thomas  was  sent  to  Mill  Springs,  where  he  defeated 
the  Confederates,  thus  driving  back  their  "  right  wing."  Early  in 
February  General  Grant's  forces  and  the  gunboats  under  Commodore 
Foote  were  sent  against  Fort  Henry  on  the  Tennessee  river.  This  be- 
ing quickly  taken,  the  Tennessee  river  was  now  open  to  the  Union 
army  and  gunboats  as  far  as  Northern  Alabama.  After  taking  Fort 
Henry,  General  Grant  marched  his  troops  across  the  narrow  neck  of 
land  lying  between  the  two  rivers  and  besieged  Fort  Donelson.  Here 
the  gunboats  in  attempting  to  take  the  fort  were  defeated.  But  the 
Union  army  invested  the  fort,  and  after  some  very  heavy  fighting 
captured  it  with  about  15,000  prisoners. 

It  was  at  this  place  that  General  Grant  got  the  title  "  Uncondi- 
tional Surrender  "  (U.  S.)  Grant. 

When  the  Confederate  commander  asked  for  "  terms,"  General 
Grant's  reply  was  :  "  No  terms  except  unconditional  and  immediate 
surrender  can  be  accepted.  I  propose  to  move  immediately  upon 
your  works." 

This  victory  enabled  the  army  and  gunboats  to  pass  up  the  Cum- 
berland river  to  Nashville,  thus  placing  the  Union  army  south  of 
Bowling  Green  and  the  Confederate  army,  should  it  remain  there, 
but  it  did  not. 

By  getting  possession  of  these  two  rivers,  the  Confederate  "  line 
of  defense,"  in  military  language,  was  broken. 

General  Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  commanding  at  Bowling  Green, 
withdrew  his  army  through  Nashville  to  Corinth,  in  Northern  Mis- 
sissippi, thus  placing  his  army  south  of  the  Tennessee  as  well  as  the 
Cumberland  river.  By  the  capture  of  these  two  forts  the  Confeder- 
ate line  was  driven  two  hundred  miles  south.  The  Confederates  at 
-Columbus  withdrew  to  Island  No.  10.  A  few  weeks  later  this  place, 
with  a  large  number  of  prisoners,  was  captured  by  General  John 
Pope  and  Commodore  Foote,  the  Confederates  falling  back  to  Fort 
Pillow,  near  Memphis,  Tennessee. 

The  three  victories  of  Fort  Henry,  Fort  Donelson  and  Island  No. 
10,  advanced  the  Union  lines  so  as  to  include  all  of  Kentucky,  Mid- 
dle and  Western  Tennessee. 


38  A  CHART,  HISTORY  OF  THE 

The  Confederate  line  of  defense  now  extended  from  Memphis, 
Tennessee,  through  Corinth,  Mississippi,  along  the  Tennessee  river 
to  Chattanooga. 

General  Halleck  at  St.  Louis  was  now  given  command  of  all  the 
troops  in  the  Mississippi  valley,  which  brought  General  Buell  under 
his  command. 

General  Buell,  commanding  the  Union  army  in  Kentucky,  fol- 
lowed General  Johnston  through  Nashville  and  took  possession  of 
Central  Tennessee. 

General  Grant  moved  his  army  up  the  Tennessee  river  to  Pitts- 
burg  Landing,  near  Corinth. 

General  Halleck  ordered  General  Buell  to  march  across  the 
country  and  join  General  Grant  at  Pittsburg  Landing.  The  two 
armies  were  to  attack  Corinth,  where  General  Johnston  had  concen- 
trated his  forces.  General  Halleck  now  had  command  of  three 
armies :  the  Army  of  the  Ohio,  afterwards  called  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  under  General  D.  C.  Buell ;  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee, 
under  the  command  of  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant,  and  the  Army  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, under  General  John  Pope.  The  last  army  soon  lost  its  name, 
becoming  a  part  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

General  Halleck  •  had  a  fourth  army  under  him  in  Missouri,  but 
not  directly  connected  with  the  operations  along  the  Mississippi 
river. 

Battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing,  or  Shiloh. — Up  to  this  time  the  Union 
army  had  taken  the  "  offensive,"  and  the  Confederates  now  deter- 
mined to  "  strike  back". 

Knowing  that  General  Buell  was  marching  from  Nashville  to 
join  General  Grant  at  Pittsburg  Landing,  the  Confederate  command- 
ers, Johnston  and  Beauregard,  sought  to  defeat  General  Grant's  forces 
before  General  Buell  could  come  to  their  aid. 

On  the  morning  of  April  6th,  1862,  the  Confederate  army  attacked 
the  Union  army  with  great  force  and  bravery.  All  day  the  battle 
raged.  The  Union  army  fought  bravely  and  desperately,  but  it  was- 
gradually  driven  back  toward  the  Tennessee  river,  until  at  nightfall 
it  formed  a  line  near  the  river.  One  more  retreat  and  it  would  have 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  39 

been  swallowed  by  the  river.  The  Confederates,  although  so  far  suc- 
cessful, were  greatly  fatigued,  and  had  lost  their  commander,  General 
A.  S.  Johnston.  That  night  General  Buell's  army  crossed  the  Ten- 
nessee river  to  join  in  the  battle  of  the  next  day.  The  second  day 
the  Confederates,  noAV  commanded  by  Beauregard,  were  steadily 
driven  back  until  afternoon,  when  they  finally  gave  way  and  found 
refuge  in  Corinth. 

The  losses  in  killed  and  wounded  in  both  armies  were  about 
twenty  thousand,  nearly  equally  divided,  though  the  Union  army 
lost  more  prisoners. 

Siege  of  Corinth. — Soon  after  the  battle,  General  Halleck  himself 
came  to  Pittsburg  Landing,  and  ordered  the  army  under  General 
Pope,  now  operating  on  the  Mississippi  river,  to  come  around  by 
boats.  These  three  armies  now  made  a  force  of  over  a  hundred 
thousand  men,  and  so  slowly  did  they  move  towards  Corinth  that 
they  covered  only  thirty  miles  in  the  whole  month  of  May.  The 
Confederates  evacuated  Corinth  and  retreated  south.  The  Confeder- 
ates on  the  Mississippi  river  gave  up  Fort  Pillow,  and  after  a  gunboat 
fight  near  Memphis,  in  which  the  Confederate  gunboats  were  all 
destroyed,  all  retreated  south  to  Vicksburg,  Miss. 


40  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 

EXERCISE  ON  MAP  IV. 

The  shaded  part  represents  the  country  held  by  the  Confederates 
April  1,  1862. 

Compare  this  with  Map  III. 

Confederates  now  hold  Fort  Pillow,  above  Memphis,  Corinth  and 
Chattanooga,  with  the  main  army  under  General  A.  S.  Johnston  at 
Corinth. 

The  Union  army,  under  General  Grant,  occupied  Pittsburg  Land- 
ing on  the  Tennessee  river,  near  Corinth,  and  is  supplied  by  way  of 
the  Tennessee  river. 

Steamboats  can  go  to  Florence  only. 

Thus  the  Confederate  line  extends  from  Memphis  to  Chattanooga, 
with  the  Tennessee  river  as  its  line  of  defense. 

What  has  the  Union  army  gained  during  February  and  March  ? 

It  was  General  Johnston's  main  object  to  hold  possession  of  the 
Mississippi  river.  That  being  the  condition,  why  did  he  fall  back  so 
far  south,  from  Bowling  Green  to  Corinth  ? 

Why  did  he  not  remain  near  Nashville? 

General  Buell  marched  from  Nashville  to  Pittsburg  Landing 
across  what  state  ? 

While  waiting  for  General  Buell,  General  Grant  was  attacked  by 
General  Johnston  from  Corinth. 

What  did  the  Confederates  thus  hope  to  do  ? 

How  much  of  the  Mississippi  river  do  the  Confederates  still  hold 
(April  1)  ? 

Farragut' s  Operations  at  the  Mississippi  River. — While  the  efforts  to 
open  the  Mississippi  were  in  progress  at  the  north,  Admiral  Farragut 
was  working  his  way  up  from  the  south.  Forts  Jackson  and  St. 
Philip  guarded  the  river  below  New  Orleans.  Between  these  two 
forts  the  Confederates  had  stretched  across  the  river  an  immense 
chain  sustained  by  old  vessels  securely  anchored  in  the  river.  Above 
were  the  Confederate  gunboats  and  fire-rafts  ready  to  attack,  should 
Farragut  succeed  in  passing  these  obstructions.  Having  succeeded 


MAP  IV 


MEMPHf§|^^^     *, 


Florence 


ATLANTA 


v  S.  •OA.R.y^, 

fM4M4M4ZfMM6J\  i  i_MiN  I'M  •: 

I  A^-'t-:--^ ^ -- 

(    f  >?M0ffltmM%xmM?m!m  w%^&&&m, 


IRATE  LINE  OF  DEFENSE  IN  THE 
WEST,  APRIL  1,1 862. 

Shaded'part  shows  territory-  occupied  by  Confederates.    j.MANZ  4  co    ENSRS.',  CHICA^OO. 


41 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  43 

in  breaking  the  chain  in  the  darkness  of  the  night,  early  in  the 
morning  of  April  24th,  Farragut  pushed  boldly  through-the  opening 
with  his  fleet,  amidst  the  heavy  firing  of  the  two  forts  and  the  Con- 
federate gunboats.  Great  fire-rafts  were  pushed  against  his  vessels, 
with  the  purpose  of  setting  them  on  fire. 

After  three  hours  of  terrible  fighting,  all  but  three  of  Farragut's 
gunboats  passed  the  obstacles,  and  totally  destroyed  the  enemy's 
gunboats. 

General  Sherman  says :  "  No  bolder  or  more  successful  act  of  war 
was  ever  done  than  this."  A  few  days  later  the  forts  surrendered, 
and  General  Butler,  with  a  land  force,  passed  up  the  river  and  occu- 
pied New  Orleans. 

This  closed  all  offensive  operations  of  the  Union  troops  in  the 
West  until  late  in  the  year.  The  Confederate  line  after  leaving  Mem- 
phis extended  from  Vicksburg  on  the  Mississippi  river,  along  the 
Tennessee  river  through  Chattanooga. 

By  the  last  of  June  all  of  the  Mississippi  river  was  in  the  hands 
of  the  North,  except  that  portion  lying  between  Vicksburg  and  Port 
Hudson. 

East  Tennessee  was  loyal  to  the  Union,  though  unfortunately  that 
part  of  *the  state  was  controlled  by  the  Confederates  until  the  sum- 
mer of  1863. 

Confederates  Take  the  Offensive. — Owing  to  the  failure  of  McClellan's 
Peninsula  campaign  in  the  East,  General  Halleck  was  called  east  to 
take  command  of  all  the  Union  forces.  General  Pope  was  assigned 
the  command  of  the  forces  in  Northern  Virginia,  General  Grant  was 
left  in  command  of  Western  Tennessee,  while  General  Buell  went  to 
the  defense  of  Central  Tennessee.  The  Confederates  now  took  the 
offensive  in  all  directions,  their  object  being  to  regain  what  they  had 
lost  in  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Perryville. — General  Bragg  was  sent  with  a  large  Confederate 
force  to  Chattanooga  and  Central  Tennessee.  From  here  he  invaded 
Kentucky,  where  he  met  another  Confederate  force  from  East  Ten- 
nessee. It  now  became  a  foot-race  between  the  Union  and  the  Con- 
federate armies  as  to  which  should  reach  Louisville  first.  General 


44  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 

Buell  was  a  little  ahead.  After  being  reinforced,  he  turned  on 
•General  Bragg,  and  at  the  battle  of  Perryville  defeated  him. 

General  Bragg  now  fell  back  to  Murfreesboro  in  Central  Tennes- 
see, where  he  remained  until  driven  south  later  in  the  year. 

luka  and  Corinth. — The  Southern  army  was  also  active  in  Western 
Tennessee.  A  force  in  attempting  to  reach  Central  Tennessee  was 
defeated  by  Generals  Grant  and  Rosecrans  at  luka. 

Soon  after  a  large  Confederate  force  attempted  to  retake  Corinth, 
but  met  with  a  very  disastrous  defeat  by  the  Union  troops  under  the 
command  of  General  Rosecrans.  This  closed  all  the  offensive  opera- 
tions of  the  Confederates  in  the  West  for  this  year. 

The  Government  at  Washington  being  displeased  with  the  conduct 
•of  General  Buell  in  his  operations  against  General  Bragg,  relieved 
him  from  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  and  placed 
it  in  the  hands  of  General  W.  S.  Rosecrans. 

Stone  River. — During  the  last  days  of  the  year  1862  and  the  first 
of  January,  1863,  the  offensive  was  again  renewed  by  the  Union 
army,  and  the  desperate  battle  of  Stone  River,  or  Murfreesboro,  was 
fought,  which  resulted  in  the  retreat  of  General  Bragg  to  the  south, 
General  Bragg  leaving  most  of  Central  Tennessee  in  the  possession  of 
the  Union  army.  In  this  battle  over  23,000  men  were  lost,  tlje  losses 
on  both  sides  being  nearly  equal.  This  closed  the  operations  of  the 
West  for  the  year  1862.  

EXERCISE   ON   MAP  V. 

AT   THE   CLOSE    OF    1862. 

What  part  of  the  Mississippi  river  was  held  by  the  Confederates 
at  the  close  of  the  year  1862? 

Compare  this  map  with  No.  IV,  also  with  No.  III. 

Battles  or  sieges  are  marked  by  parallel  lines  (         ). 

All  in  the  unshaded  part  represent  battles  fought  in  1862. 

How  many  are  there?     Name  them. 

Why  was  there  a  battle  so  far  north  as  Perryville  ? 

Notice  the  unshaded  part  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

What  event  opened  that  part  of  the  river? 


JIAP  V 


INE.OR  DEFENSE  IN.  THE 
WEST,  AT  CLftSE  OF  1862. 

Shaded  part  represents  terrftoryoccupied  by  Confederates. 


45 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  47 

REVIEW  OF   1862   IN  THE  WEST. 

OFFENSIVE    OPERATIONS   OF   THE    UNION    ARMY — ALL    UNION    VICTORIES 

Mill  Spring  (January). 

Fort  Henry  (February  6th). 

Fort  Donelson  (February  16th). 

Island  No.  10  (April  7th). 

Farragut's  passing  the  forts  (April  24th  to  28th). 

Capture  of  New  Orleans  (May  1st). 

Siege  of  Corinth  (evacuated  in  the  latter  part  of  May). 

Fort  Pillow  and  Memphis  (evacuated  June  4th). 

Stone  River  (December  1862  and  January,  1863). 

Result :  Union  forces  occupy  all  the  Mississippi  river  except  the 
portion  between  Vicksburg  and  Port  Hudson,  and  all  of  Kentucky 
and  Central  Tennessee. 

ON   THE   DEFENSIVE — ALL    UNION   VICTORIES. 

Shiloh  (April  6-7). 
luka  (September  19th). 
Corinth. 

All  territory  gained  the  first  of  the  year  remained  in  possession  of 
Union  troops. 


CHAPTER  V. 


WAR  IN   THE  EAST— 1862. 

A  Study  of  Virginia. — The  operations  in  the  West  covered  a  very 
large  area  of  country,  extending  from  the  Ohio  river  on  the  north  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  from  Missouri  to  the  Carolinas, 
In  the  East  the  war  was  confined  to  a  much  smaller  space.  Gettys- 
burg in  the  North  and  Appomattox  in  the  South  mark  the  northern 
and  southern  extremes  of  the  battlefields  in  this  region.  Virginia 
offered  peculiar  advantages  both  to  the  North  and  to  the  South. 

Advantages  to  the  North. — The  Chesapeake  Bay  on  the  east,  with 
several  large  rivers  flowing  into  it,  was  favorable  to  the  North.  The 
Potomac,  Rappahannock,  York  and  the  James  rivers  are  all  navigable 
for  some  distance.  The  North,  having  complete  command  of  these 
waters,  could  transport  its  armies  and  munitions  of  war  to  any  part 
of  the  eastern  coast  of  Virginia. 

Advantages  to  the  South. — On  the  other  hand,  the  South  had  many 
advantages  over  the  North  in  geographical  position.  The  many 
streams  flowing  southeast  across  the  state  were  lines  of  defense  for  the 
Confederate  army.  In  times  of  war,  rivers  and  mountains  are  usedr 
when  possible,  as  means  of  defense  against  an  enemy.  It  is  very 
difficult,  and  many  times  impossible,  for  an  army  to  cross  a  river  or 
a  mountain  in  the  face  of  an  enemy.  In  such  cases  it  becomes  nec- 
essary to  "  flank  "  an  enemy,  this  being  a  military  term  meaning  to 
go  around,  in  order  to  get  past  an  enemy's  strong  position. 

The  Shenandoah  Valley. — The  fertile  Shenandoah  Valley,  through 
which  flows  the  river  of  the  same  name,  supplied  the  Confederate 
army  while  passing  through  it.  This  valley,  protected  by  nature's 
wall,  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  was  an  open  highway  to  the  North, 
and  so  completely  might  the  Confederates  be  shielded  by  this  wall 

48 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA. 


of  protection  as  to  render  them  almost  safe  from  an  attack  from  the 
direction  of  Washington. 

The  Confederates  were  quick  to  see  the  advantages  of  this  posi- 
tion, and  to  avail  themselves  of  the  favorable  circumstances.  This 
valley  became  the  scene  of  many  brilliant  exploits,  first  by  the  Con- 
federate General  Stonewall  Jackson  and  later  by  General  P.  H. 
Sheridan  of  the  Union  army. 

The  Routes  to  Richmond.  —  In  the  spring  of  1862,  when  the  time 
came  to  move  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  the  question  was,  "  What 
route  shall  be  taken  to  Richmond?" 

There  were  four  lines  of  advance  by  which  the  Union  army  could 
be  supplied  while  moving  from  Washington  upon  the  Confederate 
capital. 

The  first  was  along  the  railroad  through  Gordonsville  ;  the 
second  was  by  the  way  of  the  Potomac  river  and  Fredericksburg  by 
R.  R.  to  Richmond  ;  third  by  Chesapeake  Bay,  up  the  York  river, 
then  by  a  short  railroad  to  Richmond  ;  the  fourth  by  Chesapeake 
Bay  and  James  river. 

By  the  first  the  army  would  protect  Washington  at  the  same 
time  it  was  operating  against  the  enemy,  but  this  was  the  longest 
route,  as  well  as  the  one  most  difficult  to  guard. 

The  third  and  fourth,  by  the  way  of  the  Peninsula,  made  it  very 
easy  to  supply  the  army  by  either  the  York  or  the  James  rivers,  but 
left  Washington  open  to  attack  from  a  wide-awake  enemy.  The 
second  line  was  probably  the  best  one  to  take,  but  the  difficulty  was 
that  the  Confederate  army  stood  in  the  way  of  any  route. 

A  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  best  route  arose  between  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  and  General  McClellan.  The  president  wished  the 
army  to  move  directly  against  the  enemy  along  the  railroad,  his 
idea  being  that  the  same  army  must  be  met  upon  any  road.  General 
McClellan  wished  to  move  by  one  of  the  other  lines,  and  the  Presi- 
dent finally  yielded  upon  the  condition  that  a  sufficient  force  should 
be  left  to  guard  Washington. 

As  these  two  men  afterward  became  opposing  candidates  for  the 
Presidency,  this  question  became  a  political  one,  and  much  feeling 
arose  in  its  discussion. 


50  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL   WAR, 

EXERCISE  ON  MAP  VI. 

VIRGINIA. 

Into  what  water  and  in  what  direction  does  each  river  of  Vir- 
ginia flow  ? 

What  direction  is  Washington  from  Richmond  ? 

Gettysburg  from  Washington  ? 

Shenandoah  Valley  from  Washington  ? 

Bull  Run  from  Washington  ? 

Baltimore  from  Washington? 

Petersburg  from  Richmond  ? 

Yorktown  from  Richmond? 

General  McClellan  took  his  army  down  the  Potomac  river  and 
Chesapeake  Bay,  up  the  York  river  to  White  House,  then  toward 
Richmond  across  the  Chickahominy. 

Trace  his  route. 

General  Lee  in  both  invasions  marched  from  south  of  the 
Rapidan  into  and  down  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  crossing  the  Poto- 
mac into  Maryland,  the  Union  army  keeping  between  him  and 
Washington. 

Trace  his  route. 

What  advantage  was  it  for  him  to  be  in  the  valley  ? 

General  Grant's  army  faced  westward  in  nearly  all  the  battles  he 
fought  in  Virginia.  Why  ? 

Locate  everything  named  or  numbered  on  the  map. 

Note  the  two  belts  of  battlefields  : 

I.  From  Gettysburg  to  New  Market. 

II.  From  Bull  Run  to  Five  Forks. 

Name  the  battlefields  in  order  in  each  of  these  two  red  belts  of 
war.  Do  you  think  of  any  reasons  why  these  battlefields  should  be 
so  located  ? 


MAT*  TI 


;*»acfctt*b«, 


f  South  Mountain 
...  jdK9\m\wv>' 


AV        -STOW 

Wincfta&ler.,    > 


I  Norfolk 

VIRGINIA  AND  YICINITY. 

SEAT  OF  WAK  IN  THE  EAST. 

1.  Beaver  Dam    S.  Guinea  Mill      3.  Savages  Station    4.  White  Oak  Swamp    5.  Halveru  Hill 


51 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  53 


The  Merrimac  and  Monitor. — A  short  time  before  General  Mc- 
Clellan  started  on  his  Peninsular  campaign,  an  event  occurred  which 
caused  a  revolution  in  the  navies  of  the  world.  This  was  the  fight 
between  the  Merrimac  and  the  Monitor  in  Hampton  Roads,  near 
Fortress  Monroe.  The  Confederates  had  taken  the  Merrimac,  a 
United  States  war  vessel  that  had  fallen  into  their  hands  at  the  time 
Norfolk  was  abandoned,  and  converted  her  into  an  iron-clad  vessel, 
with  an  iron  prow,  and  armed  her  with  the  heaviest  guns.  All  this 
made  her  a  very  formidable,  shot-proof,  steam  monster. 

On  the  morning  of  March  8th,  she  moved  out  to  attack  the  Union 
fleet  lying  at  Hampton  Roads.  She  sunk  the  Cumberland,  captured 
the  Congress,  and  scattered  the  rest  of  the  fleet.  The  heaviest  shot 
of  the  Union  guns  seemed  to  have  no  effect  upon  her  armor.  But 
during  the  night  the  "  Yankee  cheese-box  on  a  raft,"  as  the  Monitor 
was  called,  arrived  from  New  York.  This  was  the  first  turreted 
iron-clad  ever  built,  and  the  next  morning  she  had  the  opportunity 
of  trying  her  power. 

Soon  the  Merrimac  moved  out,  expecting  to  complete  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Union  fleet.  The  little  giant  met  the  monster,  but  the 
guns  of  neither  seemed  to  have  any  effect  upon  the  other,  and  the 
Merrimac  withdrew  to  her  former  position. 

Two  months  later  the  Merrimac  was  destroyed  by  the  Confeder- 
ates when  they  abandoned  Norfolk. 

The  Peninsular  Campaign. — General  McClellan  in  May  transferred 
his  armv  from  Washington  by  water  to  the  mouth  of  the  York  river. 

*  o  t/ 

At  Yorktown  he  found  a  Confederate  force  intrenched  across  his 
path.  After  holding  the  Union  army  in  check  at  this  place  for  sev- 
eral weeks,  the  Confederates  fell  back  towards  Richmond.  The 
Union  army  overtook  them  at  Williamsburg,  when  a  severe  but 
indecisive  battle  was  fought. 

General  McClellan  gradually  advanced  his  army  toward  Rich- 
mond, and  extended  his  right  wing  to  the  north  as  far  as  Mechanics- 
ville,  and  his  left  south  of  the  Chickahominy  river.  The  army  was 
thus  cut  in  two  by  this  stream.  The  Confederate  commander,  Gen- 
eral Joseph  E.  Johnston,  taking  advantage  of  a  heavy  rainstorm, 
which  caused  this\  river  to  overflow  its  banks  and  destroy  its 


54  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL   WAR. 

bridges,  attacked  that  part  of  the  army  south  of  the  river,  hoping 
thus  to  destroy  it  before  the  other  part  could  come  to  its  aid.  This 
he  came  near  doing,  but  after  two  days'  fighting  was  driven  back  to 
Richmond.  This  is  known  as  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  or  Seven 
Pines.  General  J.  E.  Johnston  was  wounded,  and  his  command 
given  to  General  Robert  E.  Lee. 

While  the  Confederates  were  holding  General  McClellan  in  check 
around  Richmond,  General  Stonewall  Jackson  moved  rapidly  north 
driving  the  Union  army  out  of  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  and  causing 
great  alarm  for  the  safety  of  Washington.  But  to  take  Washington 
was  not  in  his  plans.  He  moved  quickly  south  and  joined  General 
Lee  near  Richmond.  With  these  combined  forces  General  Lee, 
leaving  a  sufficient  force  in  the  defense  of  Richmond  to  insure  its 
safety,  moved  out  of  Richmond  and  attacked  General  McClellan 
from  the  north. 

General  McClellan  then  moved  his  army  to  the  James  river,  but 
in  doing  so  was  obliged  to  fight  the  seven  days'  battles  of  Beaver  Dam, 
Games'  Mill,  Savage's  Station,  White  Oak  Swamp  and  Malvern  Hill. 

The  Peninsular  campaign  was  a  failure,  and  the  Confederates 
took  the  offensive  by  moving  northward  to  threaten  Washington. 


EXERCISE  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  PENINSULAR 
CAMPAIGN,  VII. 

General  McClellan  moved  up  between  the  York  and  the  Chicka- 
hominy  rivers.  What  direction  did  he  move  ? 

From  White  House  he  moved  toward  Richmond.  What  direction 
did  he  take,  and  what  stream  must  he  cross  in  order  to  reach  Rich- 
mond? How  did  he  supply  his  army? 

What  direction  did  the  Union  army  face  while  besieging  Richmond? 

General  Lee  attacked  McClellan  from  the  north,  and  Beaver 
Dam,  Games'  Mill,  Savage's  Station,  White  Oak  Swamp  and  Malvern 
Hill  were  the  battles  fought  in  the  order  named.  In  what  direction 
did  McClellan  retreat  ? 

This  retreat  was  called  a  "  change  of  base."  The  base  of  supplies 
for  the  Union  army  had  been  at  York  river ;  it  was  now  changed  to 
what  river? 


3»IAI«  VII 


PETERSBURG 


THE  PENINSULAR  CAMPAIGN, 
VIRGINIA. 


I.MANZ  A  CO.-.ENGRS.    CHI. 


55 


UIAT»  VIIF 


VIRGINIA  AND  YICINITY. 

MAP  OF  LEE'S  FIRST  INVASION  OF  THE  NORTH. 

Shaded  parts  represent  territory  occupied  by  Confederates. 


J.MANZ  «  CO.,   ENGR'S,  CHI. 


56 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  57 

Let's  First  Invasion  of  the  North. — By  the  middle  of  June  the 
offensive  operations  on  the  part  of  the  North  had  closed  in  the  West. 
By  the  last  of  June  the  Peninsular  campaign  had  closed  in  the  East. 
The  Confederates  now  took  the  offensive  both  in  the  East  and  West. 
General  Halleck  was  called  to  command  all  the  forces  of  the  Union. 
General  Pope  was  given  command  of  the  forces  to  defend  Washing- 
ton ;  Stonewall  Jackson  was  again  sent  north  with  the  purpose  of 
threatening  Washington.  General  Lee  then  moved  north  to  join 
General  Jackson,  hoping,  with  their  combined  forces,  to  overcome 
Pope  before  General  McClellan  could  come  to  his  rescue.  General 
Jackson  pushed  northward,  but  failing  to  drive  the  Union  army 
under  General  Banks,  at  the  battle  of  Cedar  Mountain,  passed 
through  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  around  Pope's  army,  and  destroyed 
the  railroad,  and  captured  many  stores  at  Manassas.  General  Pope, 
turning  on  General  Jackson,  attacked  him  near  the  old  battleground 
of  Bull  Run.  The  Army  of  the  Potomac  had  been  withdrawn  from 
the  Peninsula  to  aid  in  the  defense  of  Washington,  and  one  corps  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  was  with  General  Pope  in  this  battle. 
Others  were  near  but  gave  no  aid.  The  second  day  the  remainder  of 
Lee's  forces  came  up,  and  the  Union  army  was  again  defeated  near 
the  fated  battlefield.  This  battle  was  Groveton,  or  Second  Bull  Run. 
Pope's  army  falling  back,  all  the  Union  forces  from  Virginia  were 
now  concentrated  at  Washington,  and  General  McClellan  given  the 
command. 

General  Lee  moved  rapidly  north  into  Maryland,  and  sent  General 
Jackson  against  Harper's  Ferry,  which  he  captured  with  11,000 
prisoners.  General  McClellan  moved  north  against  the  Confederates, 
driving  them  from  South  Mountain.  General  Lee  placed  his  army 
on  the  defensive  behind  Antietam  Creek.  Here  was  fought  the  very 
severe  battle  of  Antietam,  or,  as  the  South  called  it,  Sharpsburg, 
where  the  Confederates  were  badly  defeated,  and  from  whence  they 
retreated  south. 

Soon  after  this  General  McClellan  was  relieved  from  the  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  General  Ambrose  E.  Burnside 
placed  in  command.  General  Burnside  moved  the  army  to  Fred- 


58  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 

ericksburg,  intending  to  take  that  route  to  Richmond.  Again  the 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia  was  an  obstruction  across  its  path.  Here 
in  December  was  fought  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg.  The  Union 
arm}7  lost  heavily  and  gained  no  advantage.  Thus  ends  the  year  1862 
in  the  East. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  YEAR  1862. 

In  the  East. — 

Merrimac   and   Monitor — neither  victorious.     Merrimac  finally  de- 
stroyed.    (March  9th.) 
Peninsular  Campaign. — 

Offensive  operations  of  the  North. 

Movement  of  the  army  to  Yorktown. 

Siege  of  Yorktown.     Union  victory.     (Evacuated  May  3d.) 

Williamsburg.     Union  victory.     (May  5th.) 

Siege  of  Richmond.     (May  and  June.) 
Defensive. — 

Fair  Oaks.     Union  victory.     (May  31st.) 

Mechanicsville.     Union  victory.     (June  26th.) 

Games'  Mill.     Confederate  victory.     (June  27th.) 

Savage's  Station.     Union  victory.     (June  29th.) 

White  Oak  Swamp.     Confederate  victory.     (June  30th.) 

Malvern  Hill.     Union  victory.     (July  1st.) 

Final  result :  Peninsular  campaign  a  failure. 
In  Northern  Virginia.— 

Shenandoah  Valley.     First  incursion  by  General  Jackson.     Confed- 
erate victor}'. 

Withdrawal  of  Union  army  from  the  Peninsula. 
Lee's  First  Invasion  of  the  North. — 

Cedar  Mountain,  indecisive.     (August  9th.) 

Capture  of  Manassas  by  General  Jackson.     (August.) 

Groveton,  or  second  Bull  Run,  Confederate  victory.     (August.) 

Invasion  of  Maryland  by  Confederates.     (September.) 

Harper's  Ferry,  Confederate  victory.     (September  15th.) 


IX 


,\      -"TO  ••"»•%••  JE#     jf  \\ 

_____  .__ _,         -•/  /".^ ."^_  .    ^  ^    •'•"  Gettysburg  ^^ 


A<**V    •""•-. 

tietarrt  ^ 

South  Mountain 


H^r^per's  Ferry 


Chancel  lorsvTIle 
Fredericks 


VIRGINIA  AND  VICINITY. 

The  shaded  and  unshaded  parts  represent  the  relative  positions  occupied 

by  the  Confederate  and  the  Union  forces,  from  Dec.  1862,  to  May  18C4:- 

Kxcept  the  time  of  LEE'S  second  invasion. 


59 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  61 

South  Mountain,  Union  victory.     (September  14th.) 
Antietam,  Union  victory.     (September  17th.) 
Final  result  of  first  invasion  of  the  North,  Confederate  faiJure. 
Fredericksburg,  Confederate  victory.     (December  13th.) 

The  final  result  of  these  movements  and  hotly  contested  battles, 
was  that  the  two  contending  armies  face  each  other  in  about  the 
same  position,  and  have  about  the  same  relative  strength  as  at  the 
beginning  of  the  year. 

The  losses  in  battle  were  nearly  equal. 

The  losses  to  the  Union  army  by  battle  were  probably  not  less 
than  50,000  men. 

The  fact  that  nothing  had  been  gained  in  the  East  was  practically 
a  defeat  to  the  North. 

But  taking  the  work  of  the  "West  into  account,  the  balance  for 
the  year  was  decidedly  in  favor  of  the  North. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


PREPARATIONS— NORTH,  SOUTH. 

Congress — In  1862  Congress  passed  a  law  authorizing  the  issue  of 
United  States  notes,  commonly  called  "  greenbacks."  These  were  to 
be  used  as  money,  taking  the  place  of  gold  and  silver,  which  had  dis- 
appeared from  circulation.  Taxes  were  increased  until  they  were  very 
high,  but  even  this  amount  was  not  sufficient  to  carry  on  the  war.  The 
Government  was  obliged  to  borrow  large  sums  of  money.  The 
"  greenbacks  "  were  really  a  forced  loan  from  the  people.  They  were 
made  " legal  tender" — that  is,  if  offered  in  payment  for  debts  it  was 
a  legal  offer.  The  creditor  must  take  them  or  nothing.  They  be- 
came the  money  of  the  country. 

In  1863  Congress  passed  an  act  creating  national  banks.  Pre- 
vious to  this,  the  states  had  incorporated  all  the  banks,  and  bills  issued 
by  them  were  local  in  value.  There  was  no  general  currency  in  the 
United  States  until  the  issue  of  greenbacks  and  the  national  bank 
currency.  This  was  a  great  improvement  on  the  old  method. 

The  Conscription  Act. — Early  in  1863  Congress  passed  the  Conscrip- 
tion bill.  This  made  all  able-bodied  men,  citizens  between  the  ages  of 
20  and  45,  with  few  exceptions,  liable  to  be  called  into  the  service. 
If  drafted,  a  man  could  either  supply  a  substitute  or  pay  the  Gov- 
ernment $300  to  obtain  a  substitute. 

This  aroused  much  feeling  at  the  North,  especially  among  the 
laboring  classes  and  those  opposed  to  the  war.  When  a  draft  was 
made  for  300,000  men,  riots  in  different  parts  of  the  country 
occurred,  the  greatest  of  these  being  in  New  York  citv.  where 
many  lives  were  lost  and  much  property  destroyed. 

Lincoln's  Emancipation  Proclamation. — On  the  first  day  of  Janu- 
ary, 1863,  President  Lincoln  issued  a  proclamation  of  Emancipation. 

63 


CIVIL    WAR  IN  AMERICA.  t>3 

He  had  in  the  September  previous  given  notice  that  unless  the 
South  lay  down  their  arms  and  return  to  their  allegiance,  he  should 
declare  all  slaves  within  the  Confederate  lines  to  be  free.  Slavery  in 
the  United  States,  however,  did  not  cease  to  exist  until  the  XIII 
Amendment  became  a  part  of  the  Constitution,  but  the  President's 
Proclamation  did  much  toward  making  this  amendment  a  result  of 
the  war. 

In  the  South. — Every  effort  was  made  to  increase  the  Southern 
army.  Their  conscription  laws  were  much  more  rigid  than  those  of 
the  North,  and  the  South  enrolled  a  much  larger  proportion  of  the 
white  population  in  its  army  than  did  the  North.  This  could  be 
more  readily  done  as  the  slave  population  of  the  South  was  sufficient 
to  supply  the  labor  at  home. 

The  Confederate  government  had  great  difficulty  in  supplying  its 
army  with  the  common  necessaries.  It  also  issued  paper  money  as 
legal  tender,  but  this  became  more  and  more  valueless  as  the  war 
progressed. 

As  a  rule  the  Confederate  army  was  well  armed,  but  poorly  fed 
and  clothed. 


WAR  IN  THE  WEST— 1863. 

Vicksburg. — It  will  be  remembered  that  at  the  close  of  1862  the 
Confederates  held  only  that  part  of  the  Mississippi  river  lying  be- 
tween Vicksburg  and  Port  Hudson  ;  that  General  Bragg  had  been 
driven  from  Murfreesboro  during  the  last  days  of  1862  and  first  of 
1863.  Study  map  on  page  45 — the  conditions  in  the  West  at  the 
close  of  1862. 

General  Grant,  with  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  made  several 
efforts  during  the  winter  to  get  past  Vicksburg.  Failing  in  this,  he 
adopted  the  bold  plan  of  running  the  batteries  at  Vicksburg  with 
loaded  transports  and  gunboats. 

By  the  aid  of  these  boats  he  was  able  to  transport  his  army  to  the 
east  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river  and  south  of  Vicksburg. 


64  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


EXERCISE  ON  MAP  X. 

General  Grant  could  not  get  to  the  east  of  Vicksburg  from  the 
north.  Why? 

Running  his  boats  by  Vicksburg  and  Grand  Gulf  he  crossed  his 
armies  to  the  east  of  the  river. 

After  their  defeat  at  Port  Gibson  the  Confederates  gave  up  Grand 
Gulf.  Why? 

The  Black  river  was  a  protection  to  Grant  as  he  passed  towards 
Jackson.  Why  ? 

Trace  Grant's  route  and  name  battles  in  order. 


"  The  movements  of  General  Grant,  which  resulted  in  the  capture 
of  Vicksburg,"  says  General  Sherman,  "  were  not  surpassed  during 
the  war,  either  in  boldness  of  plan  or  brilliancy  of  execution." 

General  Grant,  marching  his  army  down  the  west  bank  of  the 
Mississippi  river  below  Grand  Gulf,  crossed  to  the  east  bank.  After 
driving  the  enemy  from  Port  Gibson  he  moved  rapidly  north,  using 
the  Big  Black  river  as  a  shield  against  the  enemy  from  the  direction 
of  Vicksburg. 

After  routing  the  enemy  at  Raymond  he  pushed  for  Jackson, 
the  capital  of  Mississippi,  from  which  place  he  drove  the  forces  of 
General  Johnston.  Turning  towards  Vicksburg  he  moved  quickly 
westward  to  meet  General  Pemberton,  who  had  come  from  Vicksburg 
to  intercept  him  on  his  way  to  Jackson.  But  General  Grant  was  too 
quick  for  him.  At  the  battle  of  Champion  Hill  the  Confederates 
were  defeated  and  fled  to  the  Big  Black  river.  After  a  short  resist- 
ance here  they  were  driven  into  Vicksburg,  where  they  were  shut  in 
only  to  come  out  as  prisoners  of  war. 

During  this  siege  the  inhabitants  of  the  city  suffered  greatly 
from  depredations  and  lack  of  food. 

During  these  movements  the  Union  army  lived  on  what  it 
could  find  in  the  surrounding  country,  and  was  supplied  from  the 
north  of  Vicksburg  after  the  Confederates  were  driven  into  the 


MAPX 


Black £fr  aMCfiampion  Hill 


GRANT'S 
TICKSBURG     CAMPAIGN. 


CIVIL   WAP   TN  AMERICA.  67 


city.  Why  did  not  General  Grant  move  to  the  east  of  Vicksburg 
directly  from  the  north  ? 

During  the  last  days  of  1862,  while  the  battle  of  Stone  River  was 
raging  in  Central  Tennessee,  General  Sherman  made  an  attempt  to 
enter  Vicksburg  by  carrying  Haines'  Bluff,  a  natural  protection 
lying  along  the  Yazoo  river,  and  to  the  north  of  Vicksburg,  but  was 
unable  to  do  so.  (See  map.)  General  Grant  had  during  the  winter 
made  a  somewhat  similar  attempt  and  failed. 

The  siege  of  Vicksburg,  which  began  on  May  18th,  continued 
until  July  4th,  when  General  Pemberton  surrendered  the  city  with 
an  army  of  over  30,000  men. 

A  few  days  later  Port  Hudson  surrendered  to  General  Banks, 
who,  with  his  forces  from  New  Orleans,  was  besieging  it.  This 
opened  the  Mississippi  river  throughout  its  length.  The  Union  gun- 
boats, aided  by  the  strongly  fortified  positions  at  different  points, 
effectually  cut  the  Confederacy  in  two. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  GENERAL  GRANT'S  MOVEMENTS. 

Running  the  batteries  of  Vicksburg. 

Movement  of  army  from  west  to  east  bank. 

Port  Gibson. 

Raymond. 

Jackson. 

Champion  Hill. 

Black  River  Bridge. 

Siege  of  Vicksburg — Surrendei. 

Capture  of  Port  Hudson. 

Result:   entire  opening  of  Mississippi  river. 

Confederacy  cut  in  two. 


Chattanooga  Campaign. — In  June,  while  General  Grant  was  be- 
sieging Vicksburg,  General  Rosecrans,  commanding  tho  Army  of  the 


68  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 

Cumberland  in  Central  Tennessee,  began  his  movements  which  re- 
sulted in  the  capture  of  Chattanooga.  At  the  same  time  General 
Burnside,  moving  with  an  army  from  Kentucky,  occupied  East 
Tennessee.  From  the  commencement  of  the  war  President  Lincoln 
had  been  anxious  to  occupy  this  country.  The  people  were  loyal  to 
the  Union,  and  for  that  reason  had  suffered  much  at  the  hands  of 
the  Confederate  government.  By  a  series  of  successful  operations 
General  Bragg  was  soon  driven  south  of  the  Tennessee  river  by 
General  Rosecrans. 

Chattanooga  and  Chickamauga. — Chattanooga  was  the  military 
gateway  to  the  South.  She  sat  a  queen  amidst  the  passes  of  the 
mountains  that  surrounded  her.  The  South  could  not  afford  to  lose 
her;  the  North  must  possess  her  in  order  to  penetrate  further  into 
the  Confederate  territory.  Richmond  itself  was  not  more  important 
to  the  Confederacy  than  was  Chattanooga. 

The  position  of  this  romantic  as  well  as  historic  city  should  be 
well  understood. 

The  mountains  south  of  Chattanooga  extend  nearly  north  and 
south,  the  Tennessee  river  flowing  nearly  parallel  with  them.  Gen- 
eral Rosecrans  crossed  the  river  and  Lookout  Mountain  south  of 
Chattanooga.  When  General  Bragg  saw  the  Union  army  south  ,of 
him,  fearing  that  he  might  be  shut  in  Chattanooga,  he  retreated  south, 
leaving  Chattanooga,  in  the  hands  of  the  Union  army.  Thus  far  all 
seemed  favorable  to  the  Union  army,  but  General  Bragg,  being  re- 
inforced by  a  corps  under  General  Longstreet  from  Virginia,  turned 
on  General  Rosecrans,  who  in  his  changes  had  allowed  his  forces  to 
become  too  much  scattered.  But  by  rapid  movements  he  was  able  to 
concentrate  his  army  behind  Chickamauga  creek.'  This  was  for  the 
purpose  of  keeping  the  Confederates  from  going  back  into  Chatta- 
nooga. Here,  during  the  19th  and  20th  of  September,  was  fought 
the  desperate  battle  of  Chickamauga,  so  appropriately  and  prophet- 
ically named  by  the  Indians,  "  the  River  of  Death."  The  Union 
troops  were  defeated,  but  were  successful  in  holding  the  road  to 
Chattanooga.  During  all  the  afternoon  of  the  second  day,  after  the 
right  of  the  Union  army  had  been  driven  back,  General  George  H. 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  69 

Thomas,  with  the  left  wing,  held  the  enemy  in  check,  and  thus  saved 
the  Northern  army  from  destruction.  The  "Rock  of  Chickamauga  " 
was  the  title  he  so  nobly  earned  in  that  dreadful  conflict.  The  losses 
in  both  armies  were  nearly  equal,  total  loss  being  about  26,000  men. 

Retreating  to  Chattanooga,  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  was 
followed  and  besieged  by  the  Confederates;  but  soon  a  part  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  under  General  Hooker,  was  sent  west  to  aid 
in  holding  what  had  been  gained,  viz.,  Chattanooga. 

Changes  Made. — General  Grant  was  now  made  commander  of  all 
the  Union  troops  of  the  West.  General  W.  T.  Sherman  was  given 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee ;  General  Rosecrans  was 
relieved,  and  General  Thomas  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland. 

General  Sherman,  with  a  part  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  was 
brought  over  from  Vicksburg  to  Chattanooga. 

Battle  of  Chattanooga. — General  Grant  now  had  with  him  at  Chat- 
tanooga a  part  of  three  armies.  With  these  forces  he  attacked  the 
Confederates,  who  were  posted  on  Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionary 
Ridge,  which  were  on  the  south  and  east  of  his  position.  General 
Hooker's  forces  drove  the  Confederates  from  Lookout  Mountain. 
This  is  sometimes  called  "  the  battle  above  the  clouds." 

General  Sherman  attacked  the  Confederates  at  the  north  end  of 
Missionary  Ridge.  While  all  parts  of  the  army  fought  equally  well, 
it  was  left  for  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  to  perform  the  most 
brilliant  feat  of  all. 

They  were  ordered  to  take  the  base  of  Missionary  Ridge,  but 
without  orders,  they,  with  heroic  inspiration,  charged  up  the  Ridge, 
capturing  it,  and  thus  broke  the  centre  of  the  Confederate  army.  The 
Confederates  retreated  to  Dalton,  Georgia.  The  victory  for  the  Union 
army  was  complete.  The  gateway  to  the  South  was  open. 

While  General  Grant  was  wresting  Chattanooga  from  the  Confed- 
erates, General  Longstreet,  having  been  sent  to  East  Tennessee,  was 
trying  to  take  Knoxville  from  the  Union  forces.  He  also  was 
defeated.  These  operations  left  all  of  Tennessee  in  the  hands  of  the 
National  forces.  Thus  closed  the  events  of  1863  in  the  West. 


70  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL   WAR. 

• 

EXERCISE   ON   MAP   XI. 

ON   CAPTURE    OF   CHATTANOOGA    AND    BATTLE   OF   CHICKAMAUGA. 

General  Rosecrans  crossed  his  army  near  Bridgeport,  one  corps 
going  to  Chattanooga  following  the  railroad,  the  second  over  the 
Raccoon,  Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionary  Ridge  to  the  valley  of 
the  Chickamauga,  the  third  was  still  south  of  this.  Where  was  the 
Union  army  as  related  to  Chattanooga? 

Why,  then,  did  General  Bragg  leave  Chattanooga  ? 

When  General  Bragg  turned  on  General  Rosecrans,  what  was  his 
object? 

The  Union  army  was  defeated  at  Chickamauga  and  retreated  to 
Chattanooga  ;  what  direction  did  it  retreat  ? 

The  Confederates  took  possession  of  Lookout  Point.  Why  could 
not  the  Union  army  use  the  railroad  from  Bridgeport  ? 


EXERCISE   ON   MAP  XL 

ON    BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA. 

The  words  Hooker,  Thomas  and  Sherman  represent  positions 
occupied  by  these  Generals  in  the  battle  of  Chattanooga.  General 
Hooker  moved  eastward,  driving  the  Confederates  from  the  north  end 
of  Lookout  Mountain  and  across  the  Chattanooga  valley  to  Rossville 
Gap.  General  Sherman  fought  the  enemy  on  the  north  end  of  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  but  could  not  drive  them  from  the  Ridge.  While 
Hooker  and  Sherman  were  fighting  the  enemy,  a  part  of  General 
Thomas'  army  charged  up  the  Ridge  without  orders,  and  thus  broke 
the  Confederate  centre. 


JIAI*  XI 


CHATTANOOGA  AND  VICINITY. 


ANZ  «  CO.  ENGR3,,  CHI, 


71 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  73 

Synopsis  of  the  Operations  in  the  West,  1863. — First — Opening  of 
the  Mississippi  by  capture  of  Vicksburg;  July  4th,  and  Port  Hudson, 
July  8th. 

Second — In  Tennessee  Confederates  driven  south  of  Tennessee 
river. 

Third — East  Tennessee  occupied  by  Union  troops  under  General 
Burnside. 

Fourth — Occupation  of  Chattanooga. 

Fifth— Battle  of  Chickamauga,  Sept.  19th  and  20th.  26,000  lost 
in  both  armies. 

Sixth — Siege  of  Chattanooga  by  Confederates. 

Seventh — Reinforcements  from  East  and  West. 

Eighth — General  Grant  commander  of  all  troops  in  the  Missis- 
sippi valley. 

Ninth — Battle  of  Chattanooga,  which  includes  Lookout  Mountain 
and  Missionary  Ridge,  November  23d,  24th  and  25th. 

Tenth — Defeat  of  General  Longstreet  at  Knoxville,  Dec.  5th. 

A  Study  of  the  Armies  of  the  West. — As  the  two  armies  of  the  West 
act  together  from  this  time  until  the  close  of  the  war,  it  is  well  to 
review  what  they  have  accomplished. 

Army  of  the  Tennessee. — Its  objective  was  to  get  possession  of  the 
Mississippi  river.  The  events  by  which  this  was  accomplished  were  : 
Fort  Henry,  Fort  Donelson,  Island  No.  10,  Pittsburg  Landing,  Siege 
of  Corinth,  Fort  Pillow  and  Memphis,  luka,  battle  of  Corinth,  cam- 
paign, siege  and  capture  of  Vicksburg. 

These,  with  Farragut's  victory  and  siege  of  Port  Hudson,  open  the 
Mississippi  river.  It  also  aided  in  the  battles  which  gained  Chatta- 
nooga. 

Commanders  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee. — General  U.  S.  Grant, 
General  W.  T.  Sherman,  General  J.  B.  McPherson,  General  O. 
O.  Howard  and  General  John  A.  Logan. 

Army  of  the  Cumberland. — Its  objective :  Occupation  of  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee. 

Aided  in  the  battles  of  Shiloh  and  siege  of  Corinth. 


74  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL   WAR. 

Battles  of  Perry ville,  Stone  River,  Chickamauga  and  Chatta- 
nooga. 

Commanders. — General  D.  C.  Buell  (army  known  at  this  time  as 
Army  of  the  Ohio.) 

General  W.  S.  Rosecrans,  General  George  H.  Thomas. 


EXERCISE  ON  MAP  OF  THE  WEST  AT  THE  CLOSE  OF  1863. 

What  part  of  Tennessee  is  held  by  the  Union  forces? 

In  what  state  is  Chattanooga  ? 

Does  the  Union  army  hold  any  part  of  Alabama  or  Georgia  ? 

If  so,  what  part? 

What  part  of  the  Mississippi  river  is  held  by  Union  forces  ? 


MAP  A'll 


;_  ^t^J^ililM 

„.••  V  /^~^t"'"' •i,;'!'>  >^*"'~  .'** 

~~ 


TERRITORY  OCCUPIED  BY  THE  CONFEDERATES 
IN  THE  WEST,  AT  CLOSE  OF  1863. 

Unshaded  part  held  by  Union  forces  at  close  of  year  1863. 
Shaded  -<art  by  Confederates. 


CHAPTER    VII. 


IN  THE  EAST,  1863. 

After  the  defeat  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac  at  Fredericks- 
burg,  in  December,  1862,  General  Burnside  was  relieved  of  the 
command,  which  was  given  to  General  Joseph  Hooker.  Early  in 
May,  1863,  General  Hooker,  moving  his  army  across  the  Rappahan- 
nock  river,  gained  a  position  at  Chancellorsville,  partly  in  rear  of 
the  Confederate  army  at  Fredericksburg.  General  Lee,  not  waiting 
to  be  attacked,  sent  a  large  force  under  Stonewall  Jackson  to  attack 
the  right  of  the  Union  army.  This  move  was  successful,  resulting 
in  the  defeat  of  the  Union  army.  .General  Hooker  now  withdrew  to 
the  north  bank  of  the  river.  The  Confederates  won  a  great  victory, 
but  paid  dearly  for  it  in  the  death  of  General  Jackson. 

Lee's  Second  Invasion  of  the  North. — About  a  month  after  the 
battle  of  Chancellorsville,  General  Lee  started  on  his  second  northern 
invasion.  Moving  down  the^  Shenandoah  Valley  he  defeated  the 
Union  troops  at  Winchester,  and  crossed  to  the  north  of  the 
Potomac. 

The  Union  army  moved  parallel  with  the  Confederates,  keeping 
between  them  and  Washington.  General  Lee  moved  north  to 
Hagerstown,  threatening  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

On  the  27th  of  June,  but  three  days  before  the  battle  of  Gettys- 
burg, General  Hooker  was  relieved,  and  General  George  G.  Meade 
made  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

Both  armies  marching  northward  met  at  Gettysburg  where  the 
first  three  days  of  July  was  fought  one  of  the  most  desperate  battles 
of  the  whole  conflict.  During  the  afternoon  of  July  3d,  about  the 
time  that  General  Pemberton  and  General  Grant  were  planning  for 
the  surrender  of  Vicksburg,  General  Pickett  was  making  that  most 

77 


78  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL   WAR. 

dashing  and  famous  but  fatal  charge  at  Gettysburg.  The  Confeder- 
ates here  met  a  crushing  defeat,  leaving  more  than  a  third  of  their 
number  dead,  wounded,  or  prisoners  of  war  on  this  battlefield. 
Confederates  lost  more  than  25,000  men,  while  the  Union  loss  was 
but  little  less,  being  about  23,000. 

By  a  study  of  the  map  it  will  be  seen  that  had  the  Confederates 
been  victorious,  General  Lee  wras  in  a  position  to  capture  Harrisburg, 
Baltimore  or  Washington. 

This  is  classed  as  one  of  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world.  A 
monument  on  the  battlefield  marking  the  farthest  advance  in  the 
famous  charge  of  July  3d,  is  called  the  "  High  water-mark  of  the 
Rebellion."  After  this  battle  General  Lee  retreated  to  Virginia,  up 
the  Shenandoah  Valley,  and  took  a  stand  south  of  the  Rapidan  and 
Rappahannock  rivers.  The  Union  army  following  took  its  position 
north  of  these  rivers.  Aside  from  some  minor  movements  during 
the  fall,  in  which  there  were  no  positive  results,  the  two  armies  re- 
mained in  these  positions  until  the  following  May,  at  which  time  the 
final  movements  of  the  war  began. 


EXERCISE  ON  THE  MAP  SHOWING  LEE'S  SECOND 
INVASION  OF  THE  NORTH. 

What  direction  is  Gettysburg  from  Washington  ? 

From  Baltimore? 

Compare  this  map  with  the  one  on  page  56,  representing  the 
first  invasion. 

What  difference  do  you  observe  around  Harper's  Ferry? 

In  which  invasion  did  Lee  go  farthest  north  ? 

Notice  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains ;  what  part  did  they  play  in 
both  these  invasions  ? 

Would  it  have  been  possible  for  Lee  to  get  north  of  Washington 
had  these  mountains  not  been  there  ? 


MAI*  XIII 


P      E      N      N      S      Y 


Winchster.  ' 


WASHINGTON 


Fredericks 


VIRGINIA    AND    VICINITY. 

GE\.  LEE'S  SECOND  INVASION  OF  THE  NORTH. 


79 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  81 

Outline  of  Events  in  the  East,  1863. — Lee's  second  invasion  of  the 
North. 

Prelude  :  Defeat  of  Union  troops  at  Chancellorsville  (May  2,  3  and 
4,  1863). 

Marches  north  into  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania. 

General  Meade  relieves  General  Hooker. 

Confederate  defeat  at  Gettysburg  (July  1-3,  1863). 

Confederates  retreat  to  Virginia. 

Results  :  Lee's  second  invasion  a  failure. 

Both  armies  in  the  same  relative  position  and  strength  as  at  the 
beginning  of  the  year. 

General  Results  for  1863. — General  results  much  in  favor  of  the 
North. 

Mississippi  river  controlled  by  the  North. 

Chattanooga,  the  gateway  to  Georgia,  held  by  Union  troops,  ^nd 
the  South  becoming  exhausted  while  the  North  is  in  the  zenith  of 
its  power  ;  all  these  point  to  the  final  result.  Both  Generals  Grant 
and  Sherman  say  that  there  should  have  been  no  more  fighting  after 
1863. 


CHAPTER   VIII. 


IN  THE  WEST,  1864. 

Changes  Made. — During  the  winter  of  1863-1864  plans  were  laid  for 
the  work  of  the  next  year.  In  March  General  Grant  was  made  Lieu- 
tenant-General, the  highest  rank  then  known  to  the  U.  S.  Army.  This 
placed  him  in  command  of  all  the  armies  of  the  United  States,  and  he 
was  also  directed  to  give  his  personal  supervision  to  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac.  General  Meade  still  remained  commander  of  that  army, 
though  under  the  direct  orders  of  General  Grant.  General  Sherman 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  "Military  Division  of  the  Missis- 
sippi," which  included  all  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  this  being  the 
position  previously  held  by  General  Grant.  General  J.  B.  McPher- 
son  was  given  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  the  position 
made  vacant  by  the  promotion  of  General  Sherman.  General  Scho- 
field  was  sent  to  East  Tennessee  to  command  the  Army  of  the  Ohio. 

Condition  of  Affairs  at  the  Beginning  of  the  Year  1864- — The  Mis- 
sissippi was  firmly  held  by  the  Federals  ;  but  most  of  the  country 
west  of  the  river  was  held  by  the  Confederates  as  far  north  as  the 
Arkansas  river.  The  northern  troops  occupied  Pensacola,  Key 
West,  St.  Augustine,  Fort  Pulaski  and  Port  Royal  along  the  Gulf 
and  Atlantic  coast,  and  controlled  the  waters  of  the  Albemarle  and 
Pamlico  sounds.  But  Mobile,  Savannah,  Charleston  and  Wilming- 
ton were  still  in  the  possession  of  the  Confederates. 

The  two  armies  in  Virginia  faced  each  other  along  the  Rapidan 
and  Rappahannock  rivers.  The  Union  troops  under  General  Sher- 
man were  at  Chattanooga  preparing  to  move  against  Dalton, 
Georgia,  where  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston  was  stationed  ready  to 
meet  the  advance. 

82 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  83 

The  South,  by  conscription,  called  nearly  every  man  and  boy 
capable  of  bearing  arms  into  the  field. 

At  the  North,  by,  the  first  of  May  nearly  a  million  men  were  en- 
rolled in  its  armies,  with  over  600,000  ready  for  duty. 

All  the  operations  of  the  Union  forces  during  the  remainder  of 
the  war  were  directed  by  the  master  mind  of  General  Grant,  who 
planned  to  have  all  the  armies  "  pull  together." 

General  Sherman  was  ordered  to  move  against  General  Johnston 
in  Georgia ;  General  Banks,  with  the  aid  of  Farragut's  fleet,  was  to 
capture  Mobile ;  General  Butler,  at  Fortress  Monroe,  was  to  move  up 
the  James  river  and  attack  Richmond  from  that  direction ;  General 
Sigel  was  to  pass  up  the  Shenandoah  Valley  ;  General  Meade  was  to 
destroy  General  Lee's  army,  and  to  capture  Richmond. 

All  these  were  finally  successful,  though  at  the  beginning  some 
were  failures,  or  partially  so. 

Sherman's  Task. — General  Sherman  had  with  him  at  Chattanooga 
a  force  of  about  100,000  men.  His  "objective"  was  Atlanta,  defended 
by  the  Confederate  army  under  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston.  The 
country  from  Chattanooga  to  Atlanta  is  very  rough  and  mountainous, 
with  narrow  roads ;  altogether  a  very  uninviting  country  in  which  to 
move  an  army.  The  Confederate  army  numbered  from  50,000  to 
75,000  men.  But  the  conditions  of  the  country,  and  the  fact  that 
the  Southern  army  fought  on  the  defensive  behind  breastworks,  made 
the  advantages  nearly  equal. 

A  body  of  soldiers,  whether  regiment,  brigade,  division  or  corps, 
halting  for  the  night,  when  in  the  presence  of  an  enemy,  or  forming 
for  battle,  occupying  ground  with  a  good  outlook  to  the  front,  stacks 
arms  and  goes  to  work  gathering  logs,  fence  rails,  stones,  anything 
that  will  stop  a  bullet.  These  are  piled  in  front,  and  a  ditch  dug 
behind,  throwing  the  dirt  forward  upon  them.  In  a  short  time  a 
parapet  that  would  stop  even  a  cannon  ball  would  thus  be  built. 
The  Confederates  being  on  the  defensive,  would  thus  protect  them- 
selves, while  the  Northern  troops,  being  on  the  offensive,  must 
either  drive  them  from  their  intrenchments  or  go  around — "  flank  " 
— them.  For  this  reason,  during  1864  both  Generals  Grant  and  Sher- 


84  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 

man  were  obliged  to  flank  the  enemy  again  and  again  to  accomplish 
their  object. 

General  Sherman  had  none  too  many  men  for  the  accomplishment 
of  the  work  he  set  out  to  do. 

The  greatest  problem  of  the  campaign  was  one  of  supplies. 

The  Army  of  the  Potomac  was  never  very  far  away  from  tide- 
water, and  as  the  North  had  full  control  of  these  navigable  waters,  it 
took  comparatively  few  men  to  guard  its  line  of  supplies;  and,  as  a 
rule,  this  army  was  abundantly  supplied  with  all  the  equipments  of  war. 

The  gunboats  and  the  transports  on  the  Mississippi  River  had  also 
made  the  problem  of  supplying  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  as  it  cut 
its  way  to  the  Gulf,  a  simple  one. 

But  Sherman  had  a  fighting  force  of  100,000  men,  to  be  supplied 
by  one  single-track  railroad  running  through  a  hostile  country.  Nash- 
ville was  the  principal  depot  of  supplies.  Its  connection  with  the 
North  is  both  by  the  Cumberland  River  and  by  the  Louisville  and 
Nashville  Railroad.  Chattanooga,  the  starting  point  of  the  campaign, 
is  one  hundred  and  thirty  miles  from  Nashville.  All  the  bridges, 
trestles,  and  culverts  of  the  railroad,  even  as  far  north  as  Louisville, 
must  be  guarded  from  the  enemies'  cavalry  and  from  a  hostile  popula- 
tion. But  this  was  not  all.  Atlanta,  the  "  objective "  of  the  cam- 
paign, is  over  one  hundred  miles  still  further  south  ;  and  this  also 
must  be  guarded  as  the  army  moves  southward. 

The  railroads  in  this  long  line  of  supplies  were  so  poor  and  were 
broken  so  often  by  the  enemy,  that  with  all  the  energy  of  Sherman 
and  his  engineers,  the  Atlanta  Army  was  scantily  supplied. 

The  abundance  of  blackberries  growing  in  the  fields  and  along  the 
roadside,  and  which  were  ripening  at  this  time,  saved  the  army  from 
the  scourge  of  scurvy. 

The  Atlanta  Campaign. — May  6th,  1864,  General  Sherman  started 
on  his  famous  Atlanta  campaign.  It  took  him  four  long,  bloody 
months  to  accomplish  his  task,  with  a  loss  of  over  31,000  men. 
Dalton  being  protected  on  the  north  by  mountains,  General  Sherman 
went  south  of  it,  striking  the  railroad  at  Resaca.  Here  a  severe 
engagement  occurred,  in  which  the  Confederates  were  defeated,  and 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  85 

General  Johnston  retreated  south,  and  took  a  strong  position  at 
Allatoona  Pass. 

Sherman,  knowing  the  strength  of  this  position,  did  not  attempt 
to  take  it,  but  passed  around  to  the  west. 

This  resulted  in  the  severe  battles  of  Dallas  and  New  Hope 
Church,  causing  Johnston  to  give  up  Allatoona  Pass.  He  made  his 
next  stand  at  Kennesaw  mountain,  just  north  of  Marietta,  and  again 
Sherman,  passing  round  to  the  west  and  south,  compelled  Johnston 
to  leave  this  third  very  strong  position,  and  fall  behind  the  Chatta- 
hoochee  river.  It  had  taken  two  months  of  almost  constant  fighting 
to  drive  the  Confederates  from  Dalton  to  the  Chattahoochee  river. 

About  this  time  the  Confederate  government,  being  displeased 
with  Johnston's  methods  of  defense,  placed  General  J.  B.  Hood  in 
command.  When  General  Sherman  crossed  the  Chattahoochee  river, 
at  Peach  Tree  creek  General  Hood  attacked  him  with  great  force, 
but  was  driven  back  into  Atlanta. 

General  Sherman,  knowing  that  he  could  not  entirely  surround 
the  city,  passed  a  part  of  his  army  to  the  east  of  Atlanta,  destroying 
the  railroads  there.  But  while  at  this  work,  again  Hood  came  out 
to  attack  him,  and  was  again  defeated. 

At  this  battle  General  J.  B.  McPherson,  commander  of  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee,  was  killed. 

This  is  known  as  the  battle  of  Atlanta,  though  the  city  was  not 
taken  until  several  weeks  later. 

After  destroying  the  railroads  to  the  east,  Sherman  moved  a  part 
of  his  army  to  the  west  of  the  city.  Here  for  the  third  time  Hood 
came  out  to  attack  him,  and  was  again  driven  back.  This  is  known 
at  the  battle  of  Ezra  Church. 

Finally  Sherman,  leaving  one  corps  at  the  Chattahoochee  river  to 
protect  his  railroad,  moved  the  remainder  of  his  army  to  Jonesboro, 
twenty  miles  south  of  Atlanta,  where  the  Confederates  were  defeated, 
and  General  Hood,  having  all  his  railroad  communications  destroyed, 
gave  up  the  city. 

Atlanta  was  captured  four  months  after  the  first  move  made  from 
Chattanooga.  General  Sherman  says :  "  Every  foot  of  this  should 


86  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 

be  sacred  ground,  because  it  was  once  moistened  by  patriotic  blood; 
and  over  a  hundred  miles  of  it  was  fought  a  continuous  battle  of  one 
hundred  and  twenty  days,  during  which,  day  and  night,  were  heard 
the  continuous  boom  of  cannon  and  the  sharp  crack  of  the  rifle." 


REVIEW  OF  THE  ATLANTA  CAMPAIGN. 

OBJECT   OF   THE    UNION    ARMY. 

If  possible,  to  destroy  the  Confederate  army,  and  obtain  posses- 
sion of  Atlanta,  the  "  Gateway  of  the  South." 

Battles :  Rocky  Face,  Resaca,  Dallas  and  New  Hope  Church , 
Kennesaw  Mountain,  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Atlanta,  Ezra  Church, 
Jonesboro,  with  numerous  smaller  engagements,  many  of  which 
might  properly  be  called  battles. 

Result :  Atlanta  occupied  by  Union  forces. 

Losses:  Union  army  in  killed,  wounded  and  prisoners,  31,000. 

Confederates  in  killed,  wounded  and  prisoners,  35,000. 


Farragut  at  Mobile  Bay. — In  August,  a  little  before  the  capture  of 
Atlanta,  Admiral  Farragut  gained  possession  of  Mobile  bay  by  pass- 
ing the  forts  at  its  entrance,  with  his  whole  fleet. 

The  passing  of  these  forts,  like  the  passing  of  those  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi  river  two  years  previous,  was  a  very  brilliant 
affair.  Farragut  had  not  only  to  brave  the  dangers  of  the  forts,  but 
must  meet  and  defeat  the  Confederate  ironclad  navy  just  inside  the 
bay ;  not  only  these,  but  a  third  obstruction  lay  in  his  way,  and  one 
which  sailors  most  dread,  in  form  of  sunken  torpedoes.  While  pass- 
ing the  forts  one  of  these  torpedoes  accomplished  its  deadly  mission 
in  the  destruction  of  a  monitor.  The  forts  surrendered  a  few  days 
after  the  fight,  thus  giving  the  United  States  navy  full  command  of 
Mobile  bay,  but  the  city  of  Mobile  was  not  surrendered  until  the 
next  spring,  just  before  the  close  of  the  war.  It  was  at  this  time 


ATLANTA  CAMPAIGN..  1864 
GEORGIA. 

1 .  Trace  the  movements  of  Gen 

Sherman. 

2.  Trace  the  movements    of  Gen 
Hood  hi  his  northwest  'move-: 

ments.  . 


87 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  89 


Admiral  Farragut  became  famous  for  having  himself  "  lashed  to  the 
mast."  The  circumstances  are  these:  wishing  to  see  what  was  going 
on,  he  climbed  into  the  rigging  of  the  vessel  in  order  to  get  above 
the  mist  and  smoke  that  obstructed  his  view.  Some  of  his  officers, 
fearing  that  if  wounded  he  might  fall  to  the  deck,  tied  him  to  the 
rigging.  This  circumstance  has  since  become  the  subject  of  poetry 
and  song. 

It  was  the  plan  of  General  Grant  to  obtain  possession  of  Mobile 
and  open  another  line  of  supplies  by  way  of  the  river  and  railroad 
through  Montgomery  to  Atlanta.  But,  as  we  shall  see,  other  events 
made  this  plan  unnecessary. 

General  Hood's  Movements  North. — General  Sherman's  army  at 
Atlanta  drew  its  supplies  from  the  North  on  a  single  line  of  railroad 
from  Louisville,  through  Nashville  and  Chattanooga,  to  Atlanta. 

It  was  necessary  that  every  part  of  this  line  should  be  guarded, 
and  it  took  what  would  make  a  large  army  to  defend  the  line  which 
supplied  the  army  at  the  front. 

General  Hood,  commanding  the  Confederate  army,  did  not  per- 
mit the  Northern  army  to  rest  long  at  Atlanta.  Taking  advantage 
of  General  Sherman's  long  line  of  supply,  he  moved  around  to  the 
north  of  Atlanta,  hoping  to  so  destroy  the  railroad  as  to  compel  the 
Union  army  to  retreat  to  the  north,  and  so  lose  what  it  had  gained 
in  the  four  months'  fight. 

The  Confederates  struck  the  railroad  north  of  Kennesaw  Moun- 
tain, destroying  fifteen  miles  of  it,  as  far  north  as  Allatoona.  In 
attempting  to  take  this  place,  the  Confederates  were  badly  defeated. 

While  this  battle  was  raging,  General  Sherman  stood  on  Kenne- 
saw Mountain,  eighteen  miles  south,  and  by  means  of  signal  flags, 
sent  over  the  heads  of  the  enemy  the  famous  message  which  has  been 
perpetuated  in  the  well-known  song : 

"  Ho  !  my  comrades,  see  the  signal 

Waving  in  the  sky  ! 
Reinforcements  now  approaching, 
Victory  is  nigh/' 

CHORUS — "Hold  the  Fort,  for  I  am  coming/'  etc. 


90  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 

Moving  around  the  strong  position  at  Allatoona,  Hood  again  de- 
stroyed twenty  miles  of  railroad  around  Resaca.  General  Sherman, 
leaving  one  corps  at  Atlanta,  rapidly  followed  the  Confederates 
north  with  the  remainder  of  the  army,  and  drove  General  Hood  from 
the  railroad.  General  Hood,  moving  to  the  northwest,  occupied 
Florence  and  Corinth.  By  this  move  he  threatened  middle  Tennes- 
see, hoping  thereby  to  draw  General  Sherman  away  from  Georgia. 

Sherman's  March  to  the  Sea. — General  Hood's  strategy  had  been 
bold,  rapid  and  brilliant,  but  unwise  in  the  presence  of  such  a  man 
as  Sherman,  who,  instead  of  following  Hood,  returned  and  repaired 
his  railroad.  Hood  moving  north  left  all  of  Georgia  open  to  the 
entrance  of  the  Union  army. 

Seeing  this  open  door,  General  Sherman  sent  General  Thomas 
north  with  a  part  of  his  army  to  defend  Tennessee,  while  with  the 
other  four  corps  and  General  Kilpatrick's  cavalry,  he  started  on  his 
famous  "  March  to  the  Sea." 

Before  starting  he  destroyed  all  the  railroad  south  of  Dalton,  and 
burned  everything  in  Atlanta  that  could  be  of  use  to  the  enemy. 

With  but  a  small  force  in  their  front,  with  beautiful  weather  and 
a  country  full  of  all  that  was  necessary  to  feed  an  army,  the 
"  March  to  the  Sea  "  was  something  of  the  nature  of  a  picnic  to  the 
soldiers. 

The  army,  covering  a  belt  of  country  from  thirty  to  sixty  miles 
wide,  marched  from  Atlanta  to  Savannah,  destroying  railroads,  cotton 
and  public  property,  while  in  turn  it  feasted  on  the  fat  of  the  land. 
As  Savannah  was  held  by  the  Confederate  force,  and  was  too  strong 
a  position  to  be  taken  at  once,  it  was  necessary  to  open  communica- 
tion with  the  Union  fleet  by  way  of  the  Ogeechee  river,  a  few  miles 
southwest  of  the  city.  This  river  was  commanded  by  Fort  McAllis- 
ter, which  was  quickly  captured,  and  soon  a  large  number  of  vessels, 
loaded  with  provisions,  clothing  and  letters  from  home,  steamed  up 
the  river. 

After  being  cut  off  from  communication  with  friends  for  weeks, 
the  letters  were  especially  welcome.  Savannah  surrendered  Decem- 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  01 

her  21,  1864,  and  General  Sherman  sent  the  following  message  to 

President  Lincoln  : 

SAVANNAH,  GA.,  December  22,  1864. 
To  his  Excellency,  President  Lincoln,   Washington,  D.  C.: 

I  beg  to  present  you  as  a  Christmas  gift  the  city  of  Savannah,  with  one  hundred 
and  fifty  heavy  guns  and  plenty  of  ammunition ;  also  about  twenty-five  thousand 
bales  of  cotton. 

W.  T.  SHERMAN, 

Major  General. 

The  message  reached  the  President  on  Christmas  eve,  which 
caused  great  rejoicing  throughout  the  North. 

Franklin  and  Nashville. — General  Hood,  finding  himself  too  far 
north  to  follow  General  Sherman  into  Georgia,  moved  north  from 
Florence,  Alabama,  towards  Nashville.  Overtaking  a  part  of  the 
Union  army  at  Franklin,  the  Confederates  attacked  it  with  great 
energy,  but  were  repulsed  with  heavy  loss. 

General  Thomas  concentrated  all  his  army  at  Nashville,  except  a 
sufficient  force  to  hold  the  railroads  leading  to  Chattanooga.  About 
the  middle  of  December,  while  General  Sherman  was  closing  in 
around  Savannah,  the  other  part  of  his  Atlanta  army,  under  General 
Thomas,  was  ngntmg  a  great  battle,  and  winning  a  telling  victory  at 
Nashville,  where  the  enemy  was  completely  routed. 

With  but  a  remnant  of  his  army,  General  Hood  crossed  the  Ten- 
nessee river  into  Alabama. 

The  close  of  the  year  1864  in  the  West  found  General  Sherman 
in  possession  of  Savannah,  having  completed  his  famous  "  March  to 
the  Sea,"  and  General  Thomas  with  a  victorious  army  in  complete 
possession  of  all  Tennessee,  with  no  enemy  to  oppose  him. 


92  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 

MAP  SHOWING  THE  RESULT  IN  THE  WEST  AT  CLOSE 

OF  1864. 

Shaded  parts  represent  territory  not  yet  occupied  by  the  Union 
army. 

Trace  Sherman's  march  from  Chattanooga  to  Savannah. 

Hood  started  from  Jonesboro,  moving  around  to  the  west  of 
Atlanta,  striking  the  railroad  at  Allatoona  and  Dalton,  then  moved 
west  through  Decatur  and  Florence,  crossing  the  Tennessee  river, 
then  north  through  Franklin  to  Nashville,  where  he  was  defeated. 

Trace  these  movements. 

The  unshaded  strip  east  of  Vicksburg  represents  Sherman's  incur- 
sion from  Vicksburg  in  the  early  part  of  1864. 

All  the  railroads  from  Dalton  to  Savannah,  represented  in  the 
unshaded  parts,  were  destroyed  by  Sherman.  Why? 

Did  Sherman  occupy  Augusta  or  Macon  ? 


REVIEW  OF  THE  WEST  FOR  1864 

Atlanta  Campaign. — 
Rocky  Face. 
Resaca. 

New  Hope  Church. 

Kennesaw  Mountain.  , 

Peach  Tree  Creek. 
Battle  of  Atlanta. 
Ezra  Church. 
Siege  of  Atlanta. 
Jonesboro. 

Surrender  of  Atlanta  (Sept.  2d). 
Mobile  Bay.     Passing  of  forts  by  Farragut  (Aug.  5th). 

Hood's  Northward  Move. — 
Hood's  destruction  of  railroads. 
Allatoona  Pass. 


IN  THE  WEST. 


SHERMAN'S  MARCH -THROUGH    GEORGIA. 


Shaded  parts  represent  parts  of  the  South  not  yet  held.by"  the 


MANz.4  co.  ENGRS.,  CHI.   Union  forces  up  to  tjie  close  of  the  year  1864. 


93 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  95 

Hood  invades  Tennessee. 
Battle  of  Franklin  (Nov.  30th). 
Battle  of  Nashville  (Dec.  15th  and  16th). 
Resulting  in  destruction  of  Rebel  army. 

Sherman's  March  to  the  Sea. — 
Destruction  of  roads  to  Atlanta. 
March  through  Georgia. 
Fort  McAllister  captured  (Dec.  13th). 
Savannah  captured  (Dec.  21st). 
Confederacy  again  cut  in  two. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


WAR  IN  THE  EAST,  1864. 

General  Grant,  though  commanding  all  the  armies  of  the  United 
States,  took  upon  himself  the"  immediate  command  of  the  forces  in 
Virginia. 

It  is  probable  that  history  does  not  record  more  persistent, 
desperate  fighting  than  was  done  from  May  5th  to  June  5th,  1864. 

The  Union  losses  were  in  that  time  about  55,000  men.  The  Con- 
federate losses  are  unknown,  as  no  record  has  been  preserved,  but 
they  are  presumably  not  so  great,  as  the  Confederates  were  on  the 
defensive  and  fought  behind  breastworks. 

Battle  of  the  Wilderness. — The  Union  army  crossed  the  Rapidan 
river  east  of  the  position  held*  by  the  Confederates.  General  Lee 
rapidly  moving  his  army  eastward  struck  the  Union  army  while  on 
the  march  south  of  the  river.  Here  occurred  the  battle  of  the 
Wilderness,  so  called  from  the  nature  of  the  country  in  which  it  was 
fought.  After  two  days  trial  of  strength  among  the  tangled  wood- 
land, neither  party  felt  like  again  attacking  the  other. 

Battle  of  Spottsylvania. — After  resting  one  day  at  the  Wilderness, 
General  Grant  moved  his  army  towards  Richmond,  but  was  met  at 
Spottsylvania  Court-house  by  General  Lee.  Here  for  several  days 
the  bloody  battle  raged. 

It  was  from  this  place  that  General  Grant  sent  his  world-famed 
message  :  "  We  have  now  ended  the  sixth  day  of  very  hard  fighting. 
I  am  now  sending  back  to  Belle  Plain  all  my  wagons  for  a  fresh  sup- 
ply of  provisions  and  ammunition,  and  purpose  to  fight  it  out  on  this 
line  if  it  takes  all  summer"  General  Grant  going  around  to  the  east 
of  the  Confederates'  position  was  in  a  position  to  again  move  towards 
Richmond. 

96 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  97 

The  Bloody  Angle. — It  is  well  to  take  a  closer  view  of  some  of  the 
events  of  the  war.  The  capture  of  the  Bloody  Angle  at  Spottsylva- 
nia  will  illustrate  the  desperate  fury  of  some  of  the  fighting.  This 
is  not  an  exception,  but  only  an  illustration  of  the  multitudes  of 
brave  deeds  by  both  the  Blue  and  the  Gray. 

General  Grant  says:  "Here  a  desperate  hand-to-hand  conflict 
took  place.  The  men  of  the  two  sides  were  too  close  together  to  fire, 
but  used  their  guns  as  clubs.  The  hand  conflict  was  soon  over. 
Hancock's  corps  captured  some  four  thousand  prisoners — among  them 
a  division  and  a  brigade  commander — twenty  or  more  guns  with  their 
horses,  caissons  and  ammunition,  several  thousand  stand  of  arms,  and 
many  colors.  Hancock,  as  soon  as  the  hand-to-hand  conflict  was  over, 
turned  the  guns  of  the  enemy  against  him  and  advanced  inside  the 
rebel  lines." 

Also  :  "  Lee  massed  heavily  from  his  left  flank  on  the  broken  point 
of  his  line.  Five  times  during  the  day  he  assaulted  furiously,  but 
without  dislodging  our  troops  from  their  new  position. 

"  His  losses  must  have  been  fearful.  Sometimes  the  belligerents 
would  be  separated  by  but  a  few  feet.  In  one  place  a  tree,  eighteen 
inches  in  diameter,  was  cut  entirely  down  by  musket  balls.  All  the 
trees  between  the  lines  were  very  much  cut  to  pieces  by  artillery  and 
musketry.  It  was  three  o'clock  next  morning  before  the  fighting 
ceased.  Some  of  our  troops  had  been  twenty  hours  under  fire." 

G.  N.  Galloway  in  the  "  Century,"  says :  "Upon  reaching  the 
breastwork,  the  Confederates  for  a  few  moments  had  the  advantage 
of  us,  and  made  good  use  of  their  rifles.  Our  men  went  down  by  the 
score  ;  all  the  artillery  horses  were  down  ;  the  gallant  Upton  was  the 
only  mounted  officer  in  sight.  Hat  in  hand  he  bravely  cheered  his 
men,  and  begged  them  to  '  Hold  this  point.'  All  of  his  staff  had 
been  either  killed,  wounded  or  dismounted.  At  this  moment,  and 
while  the  open  ground  in  rear  of  the  Confederate  works  was  choked 
with  troops,  a  section  of  Battery  C,  5th  U.  S.  Artillery,  under 
Lieutenant  Richard  Metcalf,  was  brought  into  action  and  increased 
the  carnage  by  opening  at  short  range  with  double  charges  of  canis- 
ter. This  staggered  the  apparently  exultant  enemy.  These  guns,  in 


98 


the  maze  of  the  moment,  were  run  up  by  hand  close  to  the  famous 
Angle,  fired  again  and  again,  and  were  only  abandoned  when  all  the 
drivers  and  cannoneers  had  fallen.  The  battle  was  now  to  white 
heat.  The  rain  continued  to  fall,  and  clouds  of  smoke  hung  over 
the  scene.  Like  leeches  we  stuck  to  the  work,  determined  by  our  fire 
to  keep  the  enemy  from  rising  up.  Captain  John  D.  Fish,  of  Upton's 
staff,  who  had  until  this  time  performed  valuable  service  in  convey- 
ing ammunition  to  the  gunners,  fell,  pierced  by  a  bullet.  This  brave 
officer  seemed  to  court  death  as  he  rode  back  and  forth  between  the 
caissons  and  cannoneers  with  stands  of  canister  under  his  '  gum ' 
coat.  '  Give  it  to  them,  boys  !  I'll  bring  you  the  canister,'  said  he, 
and  as  he  turned  to  cheer  the  gunners  he  fell  from  his  horse,  mortally 
wounded. 

"Towards  dusk  preparations  were  made  to  relieve  us.  By  this 
time  we  were  nearly  exhausted,  and  had  fired  three  to  four  hundred 
rounds  of  ammunition  per  man.  Our  lips  were  encrusted  with  pow- 
der from 'biting  cartridge.'  Our  shoulders  and  hands  were  coated 
with  mud  that  had  adhered  to  the  butts  of  our  rifles.  When  dark- 
ness came  we  dropped  from  exhaustion.  About  midnight,  after 
twenty  hours  of  constant  fighting,  Lee  withdrew  from  the  contest, 
leaving  the  Angle  in  our  possession." 

Soldiers  Suffer  as  Well  as  Fight  and  Die. — The  same  writer,  in 
speaking  oT  the  difficulties  of  the  situation,  says  :  "  The  storm  which 
had  set  in  early  in  the  afternoon  of  the  11  th  of  May  continued  with 
great  severity,  and  but  little  rest  was  obtained  during  the  night. 
Soon  after  dark,  however,  a  remarkable  change  in  the  weather  took 
place,  and  it  became  raw  and  disagreeable ;  the  men  gathered  in  small 
groups  about  half-drowned  fires,  with  their  tents  stretched  around 
their  shoulders,  while  some  had  hastily  pitched  the  canvas  on  the 
ground,  and  sought  shelter  beneath  the  rumpled  and  dripping  folds. 
Others  rolled  themselves  up,  and  lay  close  to  the  simmering  logs, 
eager  to  catch  a  few  moments  sleep;  many  crouched  about  without 
any  shelter  whatever,  presenting  a  pitiable  sight." 

Grant  Again  Mores. — General  Grant,  again  moving  by  the  "  left 
flank,"  started  for  Richmond,  and  was  again  headed  off  by  General 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  99 

Lee  at  North  Anna  river.  Finding  the  position  at  this  place  too 
strong,  General  Grant  again  moved  around  the  Confederate  army  with 
the  idea  of  getting  between  it  and  Richmond. 

Cold  Harbor. — This  move  brought  on  the  battle  of  Cold  Harbor, 
at  which  place  the  Union  army  met  with  a  severe  repulse. 

General  Grant  Moves  South  of  the  James  River. — After  a  few  days 
around  Cold  Harbor,  General  Grant  moved  his  whole  army  south  of 
the  James  river,  and  attempted  to  take  Petersburg,  a  position  twenty 
miles  south  of  Richmond.  Failing  in  this,  the  siege  of  Petersburg  and 
Richmond  commenced.  This  siege  continued  until  April  1st,  1865, 
a  period  of  eight  months.  It  will  be  remembered  that  while  General 
Grant  was  moving  overland,  General  Butler  moved  up  the  James 
river,  occupying  City  Point  and  other  strong  positions.  The  fact  of 
his  being  at  this  place  aided  very  much  in  General  Grant's  move- 
ments south  of  the  James  river. 

General  Grant's  movements  from  the  Rapidan  to  Cold  Harbor  is 
called  "The  Overland  Campaign,"  in  contrast  to  the  route  taken  by 
General  McClellan  two  years  before.  While  operating  around  Spott- 
sylvania  and  North  Anna,  the  army  was  supplied  by  way  of  Belle 
Plain  or  Fredericksburg  and  the  Rappahannock  river.  While  around 
Cold  Harbor  its  supplies  came  by  way  of  York  river.  After  moving 
to  the  south  of  Richmond,  the  James  river  became  the  line  of  sup- 
ply. It  will  be  seen  that  General  Grant  made  use  of  all  the  routes 
under  discussion  in  the  early  part  of  the  war. 


100  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL   WAR. 

EXERCISE   ON  MAP   OF  GENERAL  GRANT'S  OVERLAND 

.    CAMPAIGN. 

Trace  General  Grant's  line  of  operations. 

What  rivers  did  he  cross  ? 

Name  them  in  order. 

How  many  great  battles  were  fought? 


Operations  in  the  Valley. — While  General  Grant  was  moving 
against  the  main  Confederate  army,  General  Sigel  passing-  up  the 
Shenandoah  Valley  was  defeated  at  New  Market.  General  Hunter 
superseding  him  in  command,  again  moved  up  the  valley,  going  as 
far  asLynchburg;  but  in  retreating  passed  over  to  West  Virginia, 
and  left  unprotected  that  natural  highway  to  the  North,  the  Shenan- 
doah Valley.  General  Early  was  quickly  dispatched  to  Maryland, 
defeating  the  Union  troops  at  Monocacy,  and  came  near  capturing 
Washington  before  troops  could  be  sent  to  its  protection. 

General  P.  H.  Sheridan,  who  had  commanded  the  cavalry  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  during  General  Grant's  movements,  was  now 
given  command  of  the  forces  in  the  valley.  He  first  defeated  the 
Confederates  at  Winchester,  then  at  Fisher's  Hill,  driving  them  from 
the  valley.  But  it  was  too  valuable  for  the  Confederates  to  lose. 

Again  sending  more  forces  into  the  valley,  they  attacked  and  at 
first  defeated  the  Union  army  at  Cedar  Creek.  This  defeat  occurred 
early  in  the  morning,  Sheridan  being  at  Winchester,  "  twenty  miles 
away."  On  hearing  the  firing,  he  rode  rapidly  to  the  front,  meeting 
the  fugitives  from  the  defeated  army.  The  enemy  stopping  to  pillage 
the  Union  camps,  Sheridan  had  time  to  stop  and  re-form  his  army. 
There  was  still  time  to  win  a  victory,  and  on  that  afternoon  the 
Union  army  moved  against  the  Confederates,  and  before  dark  won  a 
complete  victory. 

Never  again  did  the  South  try  to  regain  this  famous  valley. 


JIAP  XVI 


TIRGINIA      1864. 
GRANT'S  OVERLAND  CAMPAIGN. 


Parallel  Lines   AMeftfld. 

T.MANZ  A  CO.  ENGRS.,  CHI. 


101 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  103 

REVIEW  OF  1864  IN  THE  EAST. 

Objective — Richmond. 

1.  General  Butler  moves  up  the  James  river  and  occupies  City 
Point, 

2.  General  .Sigel  moves  up  the  Shenandoah  Valley  and  is  de- 
feated at  New  Market. 

3.  General  Hunter  again  moves  up  the  valley  and  lets  the  door 
open  for  General  Early  to  enter  the  North. 

4.  Battle  of  Monocacy.     Washington  in  danger. 

5.  General  Sheridan  in  command  wins  battles   of  Winchester 
(Sept.  19th),  Fisher's  Hill  (Sept.  22nd)  and  Cedar  Creek. 

6.  The  valley  cleared. 

GRANT'S  MOVEMENTS. 

(a)  Crosses  the  Rapidan  river. 

(b)  Battle  of  the  Wilderness  (May  5-6th). 

(c)  Battle  of  Spottsylvania. 

(d)  Battle  of  North  Anna. 

(e)  Battle  of  Cold  Harbor. 

7.  Grant's  whole  army  south  of  James  river. 

8.  Siege  of  Petersburg. 

9.  Result :     Union   army  gains   a  position  which  leads  to   the 
final  defeat  and  surrender  of  Lee's  army  the  next  year. 

General  Results  at  the  Close  of  1864. — The  fighting  for  this  year 
had  been  more  desperate  and  long  continued  than  at  any  time 
previous . 

At  the  close  of  1864,  in  the  West  and  South,  General  Thomas  and 
General  Sherman  each  had  an  army  that  could  go  anywhere  in  the 
Confederacy  without  serious  resistance.  General  Thomas  was  in 
Tennessee  preparing  to  move  both  east  towards  Virginia  and  south 
towards  Selma  and  Montgomery.  General  Sherman  at  Savannah 
was  preparing  to  move  north  through  the  Carolinas  to  cut  another 
swath  of  destruction. 

General  Grant  and  General  Lee  were  in  a  death  grapple  around 
Richmond  and  Petersburg.  General  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah 


104  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 

Valley  was  ready  to  move  south.  Thus  were  Grant,  Sherman, 
Thomas  and  Sheridan  all  converging  toward  Richmond,  making 
General  Lee's  escape,  with  the  only  remaining  Confederate  army,  al- 
most impossible. 

More  than  all  the  Confederates  were  exhausted.  Men  lost  now 
•could  not  be  replaced.  They  had  fought  to  the  utmost  of  their 
strength  and  were  fast  losing  ground. 


EXERCISE    ON    MAP   OF    VIRGINIA  AT    CLOSE    OF  1864, 
SHOWING  RELATIVE  POSITIONS  OF  THE  TWO  SIDES. 

The  shaded  parts  represent  territory  under  Confederate  control. 

Note  that  General  Grant's  lines  are  south  of  Petersburg.  His 
object  was  to  get  to  the  two  railroads  west  of  his  lines. 

Why? 

He  reached  them  in  April  of  the  next  year. 

In  the  meantime  Sheridan  had  destroyed  everything  north  of  the 
James  river. 

Why,  then,  should  Lee  leave  Richmond? 

General  Lee  in  retreating  from  Richmond  withdrew  his  army 
from  Petersburg  and  Richmond  between  the  Appomattox  and  the 
James  rivers.  He  then  attempted  to  retreat  to  Burksville  but 
General  Grant  from  Petersburg  headed  him  off. 

Lee  then  attempted  to  reach  Lynchburg,  but  General  Sheridan 
got  ahead  of  him  at  Appomattox  Court-house,  while  General  Meade 
was  following.  Lee  then  surrendered. 

What  direction  did  the  armies  move  in  the  retreat  ? 


M.-il»  XVII 


VIRGINIA  AT  CLOSE  OF  1864. 

Shuded  -  Confederate.      Unshaded  -  Federal. 


J.MANZ  A  CO-,  ENQR'S,  CHI 


105 


CHAPTER    X. 


CLOSING  EVENTS,  1865. 

MOVEMENT    OF    WESTERN    ARMIES. 

Pontoons. — General  Sherman  moving  from  Chattanooga,  through 
Atlanta,  Savannah,  Columbia  and  Fayetteville  to  Goldsboro,  North 
Carolina,  must  cross  at  least  twelve  rivers.  Of  course  all  bridges,  if 
any  existed,  were  burned  or  otherwise  destroyed  by  the  enemy  before 
the  Northern  army  came  near  them. 

While  General  Sherman  is  resting  at  Savannah,  it  may  prove 
interesting  to  examine  his  plans  for  moving  his  army  across  these 
rivers. 

A  common  pontoon  bridge  is  made  by  anchoring  boats  side  by 
side  a  few  feet  apart,  and  connecting  them  by  timbers  securely 
fastened.  Across  these  timbers  are  placed  board  flooring.  But 
General  Sherman  could  not  carry  large  boats.  His  pontoons  were 
merely  frames  which  could  be  fastened  in  shape  of  a  scow-boat. 
Under  and  around  these  frames  was  stretched  thick  canvas  cloth, 
this  cloth  forming  the  sides  and  bottom  of  the  boat.  Across  these 
frail  bridges  all  the  immense  trains,  artillery  and  cavalry,  as  well  as 
the  infantry,  passed. 

Sherman  Moves  North. — In  February,  General  Sherman  having 
rested  his  army,  loaded  his  wagons  for  another  march,  starting  north 
through  the  Carolinas.  At  first  his  progress  was  much  impeded 
through  the- swamps  along  the  coast,  but  on  reaching  higher  ground, 
with  a  small  opposing  force,  he  was  soon  in  the  heart  of  South  Caro- 
lina. 

Columbia  was  captured  February  17th. 

Much  of  the  city  was  burned  while  in  possession  of*  the  Northern 

in? 


108  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 

army.     The  Union  soldiers  present  made  efforts  to  save  the  city,  but 
in  vain. 

Destroying  all  railroads  and  public  property  on  his  route,  Gen- 
eral Sherman  moved  northeast  through  Fayetteville  to  Goldsboro, 
North  Carolina.  The  Confederates,  collecting  what  forces  they  could 
to  resist  the  march  of  the  Union  army,  placed  them  under  General 
Johnston. 

At  Averysboro,  and  two  days  later  at  Bentonville,  Johnston 
attempted  to  defeat  a  part  of  Sherman's  army  while  on  the  march. 
Being  frustrated  in  both  of  these  attempts,  he  withdrew  to  Raleigh, 
and  Sherman  passed  on  to  Goldsboro. 

Here  he  met  a  Union  force  under  General  Schofield,  and  again 
the  Union  soldiers  found  food,  clothing  and  mail  awaiting  them. 

While  General  Sherman  was  going  north,  General  Grant  had 
sent  a  force  against  Fort  Fisher  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear 
river.  This  fort,  by  the  aid  of  the  navy  under  Admiral  Porter,  was 
captured,  and  Wilmington  soon  after  surrendered. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  was  evacuated  while  Sherman  was  in 
the  state.  As  a  consequence  of  Sherman's  movements,  all  of  the 
Atlantic  coast  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Union  forces. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  General  Schofield  fought  at  the  bat- 
tles of  Franklin  and  Nashville  in  December.  How,  then,  do  wo 
find  him  in  North  Carolina  in  March  ?  After  the  defeat  of  General 
Hood  at  Nashville,  General  Grant  had  ordered  Schofield's  army 
around  by  railroads  and  boats  to  North  Carolina  to  aid  Sherman  in 
his  march  northward.  So,  again,  much  of  the  old  Atlanta  army  was 
together  in  North  Carolina.  After  allowing  his  army  to  rest  at 
Goldsboro  a  few  days,  General  Sherman  was  to  have  moved  against 
Johnston  at  Raleigh,  or  against  Richmond  in  aid  of  General  Grant, 
but  Sherman's  army  had  fought  its  last  battle,  and  earned  its  rest, 
which  proved  to  be  a  long  one. 

While  on  the  march  to  Raleigh  the  news  of  the  surrender  of 
General  Lee  reached  Sherman's  army  amid  the  shouts  and  huzzas  of 
the  war- wearied  veterans.  A  few  days  later  Johnston  surrendered 
to  General  Sherman,  who,  with  his  army,  marched  with  light  steps 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  109 

and  lighter  hearts  to  the  grand  review  at  Washington,  then  away  to 
the  far-away  homes. 

REVIEW— SHERMAN'S  MARCH  NORTH. 

PLACES. 

Columbia  (February  17th). 

Fayetteville  (March  llth). 

Goldsboro  (March  21st). 

Charleston  surrendered  (February  18th). 

Wilmington  surrendered  (February  22d,  1865). 

BATTLES. 

Averysboro,  Bentonville. 


Wikori's  Raid. — About  the  time  that  Sherman  was  completing  his 
march  northward,  General  J.  H.  Wilson  started  with  a  force  of  12,000 
cavalry  from  East  Port,  Alabama.  Moving  south  he  captured  Selma 
and  Montgomery,  and  was  at  Macon,  Georgia,  when  the  war  closed. 

While  General  Thomas  was  destroying  Hood's  army  at  Nashville, 
and  General  Sherman  was  eating  out  the  heart  of  the  Confederacy, 
and  General  Wilson  with  his  cavalry  was  careering  where  he  would, 
General  Grant  was  holding  the  last  Confederate  army  in  his  grasp  at 
Petersburg  and  Richmond. 


REVIEW  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  THE  POTOMAC. 

COMMANDERS. 

General  Irvin  McDowell. 
General  George  B.  McClellan. 
General  A.  E.  Burnside. 
General  Joseph  Hooker. 
General  George  G.  Meade. 


110  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 

General  U.  S.  Grant,  also  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  United 
States  army. 

In  Shenandoah  Valley,  General  P.  H.  Sheridan. 

BATTLES    FOUGHT. 

Peninsular  Campaign, — Bull  Run,  York  town,  Williamsburg,  Siege 
of  Richmond,  Seven  Pines,  Beaver  Dam,  Games'  Mill,  Savage's 
Station,  White  Oak  Swamp,  Malvern  Hill. 

Lee's  First  Invasion. — Second  Bull  Run,  Harper's  Ferry,  South 
Mountain,  Antietarn,  Fredericksburg  and  Chancellorsville. 

Lee's  Second  Invasion. — Gettysburg. 

Grant's  Overland  Campaign. — Wilderness,  Spottsylvania,  North 
Anna,  Cold  Harbor,  Siege  of  Petersburg  and  Richmond,  Five  Forks, 
Sailors'  Creek,  Lee's  surrender. 


MAP  OF  SHERMAN'S  MOVEMENTS  FROM  MAY  1,  1864, 

TO  MAY  1,  1865. 

The  unshaded  belt  shows  the  territory  covered  by  his  army 
during  that  time. 

Name  the  rivers  in  order  which  Sherman's  army  must  cross  in 
his  two  marches.  What  two  marches  ? 

Name  the  large  cities  captured  by  him  during  the  same  time. 

The  light  shade  belt  from  Florence,  through  Selma,  Montgomery, 
represents  Wilson's  raid  in  progress  when  the  war  closed.  Through 
what  states  did  he  march  ? 


COMMANDERS  OF  THE  CONFEDERATE  ARMIES  DURING 

THE  CIVIL  WAR. 

ARMY    OF    NORTHERN    VIRGINIA. 

General  P.  G.  T.  Beauregard. 
General  Joseph  E.  Johnston. 
General  Robert  E.  Lee. 


MAI*  XVIII 


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-*l  ^<i-i  .    .    .  .  ...'• '  r-  .* -ft  X  ."^          /<ix '..MIX       -     »V 


NASHVILLE^ ^'/,  .JD.Krjoxville^ 


Shaded  -  Confederate. 
Unshaded  -  Federal. 


SHERMAN'S  MOVEMENTS 
FROM  MAY  1, 1864,  TO  MAY  .1, 1865. 


J.  MANZ  A  CO.,  ENQR-8,  CHICAGO 


Ill 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA. 


IN    SHENANDOAH    VALLEY. 


General  (Stonewall)  T.  J.  Jackson. 
General  Jubal  Early. 


IV    THE   WEST — IN    WESTERN    TENNESSEE    AND    ALONG  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 


General  Albert  Sidney  Johnston  (killed  at  Shiloh). 
General  P.  G.  T.  Be; 
General  Pemberton. 


General  P.  G.  T.  Beauregard. 


IN    CENTRAL   TENNESSEE    AND   GEORGIA. 

General  Braxton  Bragg. 
General  Joseph  E.  Johnston. 
General  J.  B.  Hood. 

CONFEDERATE    ARMIES    SURRENDERED    TO    THE    UNION    FORCES. 

General  S.  B.  Buckner  to  General  U.  S.  Grant  at  Fort  Donelson. 

General  Pemberton  to  General  U.  S.  Grant  at  Vicksburg. 

General  R.  E.  Lee  to  General  U.  S.  Grant  at  Appomattox  Court 
House. 

General  J.  E.  Johnston  to  General  W.  T.  Sherman  in  North  Caro- 
lina, 

General  J.  B.  Hood's  army  destroyed  in  Central  Tennessee  by 
General  George  H.  Thomas. 

Other  Confederate  forces  surrendered  at  close  of  war. 


IN  THE  EAST,  1865— THE  CLOSE. 

During  the  winter  General  Grant  had  continued  the  siege  of 
Petersburg,  working  his  way  around  to  the  west  with  the  intention 
of  reaching  the  railroads  that  supplied  Richmond.  In  March,  while 
Sherman  was  moving  north,  General  Sheridan  with  a  large  force  of 
cavalry  was  moving  south  from  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  Passing 
down  the  James  river  near  Lynchburg,  he  destroyed  the  canal 
along  the  James  river,  thereby  cutting  off  the  source  of  supplies  to 


114  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 

Richmond.     Moving  around  north  of  Richmond  he  reached  General 
Grant  at  City  Point. 

During  the  latter  part  of  March,  General  Grant  moved  General 
Sheridan  with  his  cavalry  to  the  west  of  Petersburg  to  attack  the 
Confederates  at  Five  Forks  on  the  south  side  railroad.  Here 
General  Sheridan  won  a  brilliant  victory  April  1st. 


A  BATTLE  SCENE  FROM  FIVE  FORKS. 

[From  Horace  Porter  in  Century  War  Papers.] 

"  Sheridan  now  rushed  into  the  midst  of  the  broken  lines,  and 
cried  out,  '  Where  is  my  battle  flag?  '  As  the  sergeant  who  carried 
it  rod*,  up,  Sheridan  seized  the  crimson  and  white  standard,  waved 
it  above  his  head,  cheered  on  the  men,  and  made  great  efforts  to 
close  up  the  ranks.  Bullets  were  humming  like  a  swarm  of  bees. 
One  pierced  the  battle  flag,  another  killed  the  sergeant  who  carried 
it,  another  wounded  Captain  McGonnigle  in  the  side,  others  struck 
two  or  three  of  the  staff  officers'  horses.  All  this  time  Sheridan  was 
dashing  from  one  point  of  the  line  to  another,  waving  his  flag, 
shaking  his  fists,  encouraging,  threatening,  praying,  swearing—the 
very  incarnation  of  battle.  It  would  be  a  sorry  soldier  who  could 
help  following  such  a  leader. 

"  Ayers  and  his  officers  were  equally  exposing  themselves  in  rally- 
ing the  men,  and  these  veterans  soon  rushed  forward  with  a  rousing 
cheer,  and  dashed  over  the  earth-works  sweeping  everything  before 
them,  and  killing  or  capturing  every  man  in  their  immediate  front 
"whose  legs  had  not  saved  him. 

"  Sheridan  rode  '  Rienzi,'  the  famous  horse  that  had  once  carried 
him  'twenty  miles  from  Winchester.'  The  General  spurred  him 
up  to  the  angle,  and  with  a  bound,  he  carried  his  rider  over  the 
earth-works,  and  landed  in  the  midst  of  a  line  of  prisoners  who 
had  thrown  down  their  arms  and  were  crouching  close  under  the 
breastworks. 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA.  115 

"  Some  of  them  called  out,  '  Whar  do  you  want  us  to  go  ?'  Then 
Sheridan's  rage  turned  to  humor,  and  he  had  a  running  talk  with 
the  'Johnnies'  as  they  filed  past.  'Go  right  over  there/ he  cried, 
pointing  to  the  rear,  'get  right  along  now,  drop  your  guns,  you'll 
never  need  them  any  more.  You'll  all  be  safe  over  there.  Are 
there  any  more  of  you?  We  want  every  one  of  you  fellows.' 

u  Nearly  5,000  prisoners  were  captured  at  this  battle.  The  cavalry 
commanded  by  the  gallant  Merritt  had  made  a  final  dash,  had  gone 
over  the  earth- works  with  a  hurrah,  captured  a  battery  of  artillery, 
and  scattered  everything  in  front  of  them.  Here  Ouster,  Devin, 
Fitzhugh  and  the  other  cavalry  leaders  were  in  their  element,  and 
vied  with  each  other  in  deeds  of  valor." 

The  next  morning  General  Grant  attacked  the  Confederate  lines 
around  Petersburg,  driving  them  into  the  city,  and  taking  many 
prisoners. 

During  this  battle,  while  Jefferson  Davis  was  attending  church, 
he  received  a  dispatch  from  General  Lee  saying  that  his  lines  were 
broken  and  that  Petersburg  and  Richmond  must  be  evacuated. 

That  night — April  3rd — General  Lee  withdrew  from  Petersburg 
and  Richmond,  hoping  to  reach  Danville.  But  General  Grant  was 
too  far  south  of  him.  Finding  the  Union  army  in  his  front,  Lee 
attempted  to  reach  Lynchburg  to  the  west,  but  a  large  part  of  his 
trains  and  thousands  of  his  men  were  captured. 

Lee,  finding  General  Sheridan  in  his  front  at  Appomattox  Court- 
house, and  General  Meade  following  him,  surrendered  the  remainder 
of  his  army  to  General  Grant,  April  9th. 

Considering  the  long  and  bitter  struggle,  probably  no  terms  of 
surrender  known  to  history,  were  more  magnanimous  than  those 
named  by  General  Grant,  of  which  the  following  is  a  copy : 

GENERAL  R.  E.  LEE, 

Commanding  C.  S.  A. 

GENERAL  :  In  accordance  with  the  substance  of  my  letter  to  you 
of  the  8th  inst.,  I  propose  to  receive  the  surrender  of  the  army  of  N. 
Virginia  on  the  following  terms,  to-wit :  Rolls  of  all  officers  and 


116  A  CHART  HISTORY  OF  THE 

men  to  be  made  in  duplicate.  One  copy  to  be  given  to  an  officer 
designated  by  me,  the  other  to  be  returned  by  such  officer  or  officers 
as  you  may  designate. 

The  officers  to  give  their  individual  paroles  not  to  take  up  arms 
against  the  Government  of  the  United  States  until  properly  ex- 
changed, and  each  company  or  regimental  commander  sign  a  like 
parole  for  the  men  of  their  commands.  The  arms,  artillery  and 
public  property  to  be  packed  and  stacked,  and  turned  over  to  the 
officer  appointed  by  me  to  receive  them.  This  will  not  embrace  the 
side  arms  of  the  officers,  nor  their  private  horses  or  baggage.  This 
done,  each  officer  and  man  will  be  allowed  to  return  to  their  homes, 
not  to  be  disturbed  by  United  States  authority  so  long  as  they  ob- 
serve their  paroles  and  the  laws  in  force  where  they  may  reside. 

Very  respectfully, 

U.  S.  GRANT, 
Lieutenant-  Genera  I. 

These  conditions  were  formally  accepted  by  General  Lee,  and 
peace  at  last  dawned  upon  the  land. 

"  The  charges  were  now  withdrawn  from  her  guns,  the  camp  fires 
were  left  to  smoulder  in  their  ashes,  the  flags  were  tenderly  furled — 
those  historic  banners,  battle-stained,  bullet-riddled,  many  of  them 
but  remnants  of  their  former  selves,  with  scarcely  enough  left  of 
them  on  which  to  imprint  the  names  of  the  battles  they  had  seen — 
and  the  Army  of  the  Union  and  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia 
turned  their  backs  upon  each  other  for  the  first  time  in  four  long, 
bloody  years." — PORTER. 

A  few  days  later,  General  Johnston  in  North  Carolina  surren- 
dered his  army  to  General  Sherman  on  the  same  terms  granted  by 
General  Grant. 

In  a  few  weeks  all  the  other  forces  of  the  Confederacy,  following 
the  example  of  General  Johnston,  surrendered  to  the  Union  armies. 

President  Lincoln  died  on  April  14th  at  the  hands  of  the  assassin, 
J.  Wilkes  Booth. 

Mingled  with  the  bells  of  rejoicing  at  the  surrender  of  General 
Lee,  were  the  tolling  bells  for  the  death  of  our  beloved  President. 


CIVIL   WAR  IN  AMERICA.  117 

Mingled  with  the  sweets  of  peace  were  the  bitter  fruits  of  war. 
Probably  not  less  than  half  a  million  graves  of  the  divided  American 
brotherhood,  dotted  the  battle-fields  of  the  sunny  Southland. 

The  United  States  owed  a  debt  of  nearly  three  billion  dollars  at 
the  close  of  the  war.  Over  a  million  Union  soldiers  went  back  into 
the  quiet  pursuits  of  civil  life  without  disturbance  of  any  kind,  prob- 
ably the  only  occurrence  of  the  kind  known  to  history. 

The  South  was  not  so  fortunate  on  account  of  the  overthrow  of 
their  peculiar  social  system.  Much  strife  was  continued  there  for 
many  years.  The  slaves  were  not  only  made  free,  but  by  the  XV 
amendment  were  also  made  voters. 

The  war  and  its  lessons  should  not  be  forgotten.  We  should 
know  the  value  of  our  inheritance.  Other  problems  must  be  solved, 
Each  generation  has  its  own  to  solve.  The  generation  of  1860  settled 
the  question  of  African  slavery  and  of  a  permanent  Union.  It  is  for 
the  future  generations  to  look  well  to  other  forms  of  slavery,  and  to 
.nake  the  Union  worthy  of  permanency. 


M 


0 


i  Yi^ 


etc. 


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A. 


111 


